SCADA-Functions

Author, Vineeta Agarwal

Place PSTI, Bangalore
Date 29-4-2011

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Responsibilities of RLDCs
Operation, monitoring and control of Regional Grids.
Control of Central Sector Transmission System.
Allocation of Central Sector Generation.
Data Exchange with SLDCs.
Data exchange with NLDC

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Responsibilities of SLDCs and Sub-LDCs

SLDCs

Operation, monitoring and control of state owned power

system.
Data Exchange with Sub-LDCs.
Data exchange with RLDC

Sub-LDCs

Responsible for Operation, monitoring and control of power

system data in its area
Data Exchange with SLDCs.

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ULDC Scheme
Unified Schemes for all regions for compatibility
Three level hierarchical SCADA along with EMS
More than 2,100 km of Optic fibre network
More than 3,000 km of microwave network
More than 10 lakhs sq. km geographical area

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Scada
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

SCADA is the system responsible for gathering,

processing, and displaying information about the
state of a monitored system. From a SCADA control
center, operators and application programs can
oversee and change the operating state of monitored
devices.

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SCADA FUNCTIONS
TO SUPPORT REAL TIME MONITORING AND

CONTROL

Data Acquisition
Supervisory Control
Data exchange
Data Processing
Alarms, Flags
SOE, Generalized calculations
Disturbance Data Collection (HDR)
Historical Information Storage & Retrieval

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(ISR)

Data Acquisition
Data Acquisition process samples real world physical

conditions and convert the samples into digital

numeric values for use by computer.

Components of Data Acquisition System

Sensors/transducers that convert physical parameters to

electrical signals.
Signal conditioning circuitry to convert sensor signals into a
form that can be converted to digital values.
Analog-to-digital converters
A Scada system to process this digital data.

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SCADA Host Functions

Primary task is to maintain SCADA databases.
Performs other functions:

Converts raw data to engineering units.

Performs limit checks.

Processes alarms.

Processes calculations.

Manages communication devices.

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Data Processing
The major function of the data processing module is to

place data from RTUs into the database.

Status Points

Analog ValuesPulse Accumulators

Retrieved values
checked for any
status changes

Retrieved values Last retrieved value is

converted to
converted to floating
engineering units point and scaled.
and placed in
database.
Points then checkedEngineering valueConditionally, difference
for a defined
checked against with respect to previous
normal state
operational limits value is computed, with
and rate of change
adjustment if value
limits.
negative (counter wraparound)
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TELEMETRY FOR ULDC

P
P

SS
SS

DS
V

DS

MW

MVAR

SS

SS

SS
DS
Q

TAP POSITION

FREQUENCY

SS

SINGLE STATUS
ISOLATOR POSIITION, PROTECTION,
LOSS OF VOLTAGE

DC

SS

DS

DS

SS

DS
SS

SS
P

Q
Q

SS

SS

SS

SS

SS
SS

SS

DC

DS

VOLTAGE

DOUBLE STATUS
CIRCUIT BREAKER POSITION
DIGITALCONTROL
CIRCUIT BREAKER CONTROL

THE PARAMETERS ARE

FOLLOWING STATIONS :

MONITORED

FOR

Substations 220 KV and above

132/110KV AC Interstate Tie lines and in loop of 220
KV transmissions system
Generating Station above 50MW capacity.
Significant stations identified by constituents

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Data types
SCADA processes and stores three different types of

data:
analog,
status, and
count data.

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Analog Data
Analogs are numeric values representing the state of

variable-state devices, such as power lines,

transformers etc
In the monitored system a physical variable is usually

measured by a transducer, and the output of the

transducer is passed through an analog-to-digital
(A/D) converter in the RTU .

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Transducer
linear Conversion

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 Status Data

Status values represent the state of devices, such as

circuit breakers, tap changers, LOV,BPT

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Digital Data
Potential free contacts are used to transfer switch position to
control centre.

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Data flow from RTU RLDC NLDC

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Data polling method

Analogs are defined as periodic/Cyclic data .
The periodicity varies from 10 seconds to 15 seconds

depending upon the quantity of data and available

bandwidth .
Digital input state changes are to be reported
spontaneously .
The Digital input data have higher priority than
Analog values.

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Data Flow

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Supervisory Control
In Scada systems control actions are performed by

RTU or PLC.
operator of the control room can override or adjust

normal PLC (RTU) controls

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ALARMS

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ALARMS
ANALOG
DIGITAL

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Alarms-analogs
Normal limit-Range of limits which device is

considers to be operating normally

Reasonability Limit-range of values that SCADA uses
to determine whether the value retrieved for the
analog is realistic.
Forbidden Limit-Range of values that SCADA
considers violated when the analog point fall within
that range
Dead band Limits-On a pair of low or high limits if it is
violated the value must rise above the limit by at least
the dead band amount before the SCADA consider s
the analog to be back within normal limits .
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Normal Alarms-analogs
MW/MVAR/MVA/FREQ/VOLTAGE
ALARM LIMIT-OPERATIONAL
ALARM LIMIT-ALARMING
ALARM LIMIT-EMERGENCY

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Alarm Limit -Mw

ALARM LIMIT-OPERATIONAL

+/- 1.05*(1.732*V*I*O.8)
ALARM LIMIT-ALARMING
+/- 1.10*(1.732*V*I*O.8)
ALARM LIMIT-EMERGENCY
+/- 1.15*(1.732*V*I*O.8)
V-NOMINALVOLTAGE I-NOMINAL CURRENT

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Exception Displays
Abnormal digital status points and analogs displayed

in chronological order

Abnormal digital status points and analogs displayed

as per category.

Abnormal digital status points and analogs displayed

per location

Failed (LDC) sites displayed in chronological order

Failed substations and devices in chronologically

order.

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Exception Displays

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Priority Alarms
Alarms are categorized in 8 category

Priority 1 -Emergency threshold overshoot and status point alarms

of controllable switching devices, ICCP links and other ICCP data
exchange related alarms)
Priority 2 -Point alarms of non-controllable switching devices.
Priority 3 -Protection trips and substation alarms
Priority 4 -Alarms relevant to RTUs, communication lines, and
alarms of unreasonable category
Priority 5 - configuration management alarms, i.e. hardware
failures (mimic board, printer, etc.) and software failures
Priority 6 All Network alarms-state estimator , contingency
analysis) and the alarms detected by the generation applications
(AGC and LF)
Priority 7 -Scada topology alarms
Priority 8 -HDR, Tagging, Limit Replacement.
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Flags

Gives Source and Quality of data

Source of data

RTU -----------Telemetered
ENTERED-----Manually Entered
EXTERNAL----Always to be entered manually
INTERSITE-----Data from other site
CALCULATEDCalculation tag

Quality of data

GARBAGE-The data is unreliable. The flag appears when data

is uninitialized.
SUSPECT-Data is labelled suspect when there is one or more
of this flag (OLD, BAD, OVER and RESUSP)
REPLACED-Data is labelled replaced when MANREP,
ESTREPor REMPL)
GOOD-Data is labelled GOOD when it is not GARBAGE,
SUSPECT and REPLACED.
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Flags

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Flags

Unit: - uninitialized.
Old:-Could not be retrieved in the last scan
Telemetry failure:- communication with RTU failed
BAD: - when RTU returns one or more standard test values in the
RTU outside the allowed limits. Either Transducer is faulty or
there is an RTU malfunctioning.
Over Range: - Raw Value Received from RTU is outside the
expected Range.
Unreasonable:-The converted value has crossed the
reasonability limit.
Anomalous:-Basically not a data quality Flag .State Estimator
considers the above measurement not fit for the solution.
Manually replaced:-Replaced by operator

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Flags

State Estimator replaced:-Value for an analog is

overridden, or replaced, by state Estimator on operator
request.
Generalized Calculation: - Value replaced through
generalised calculation.
Maintenance mode: - The Device has been placed in
maintenance mode.
NIS:-device not in service. It will not allow scanning or
calculation to update the record which is marked NIS
Alarm Inhibit: - Alarms for this device inhibited.
Remote Suspect:-The value is suspect at source control
centre.
Remote Replaced:-The value has been replaced by
source control centre
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Sequence Of Events
Sequence of events provides milli secs accurate

time of status changes for devices monitored by

Remote Terminal Units .

The RTU clock is synchronized periodically by the

control center clock .

Reading its internal clock when a SOE status point

changes state .

Time stamped digital data stored in RTU buffer and

transferred as file or Digital data with time stamped

is transferred for SOE

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Historical DATA Recording

Historical Data Recording (HDR) function allows you

to preserve a time series of any set of analog, status,

and accumulator measurements .

HDR functions

Saves the SCADA measurements in disk files called Historical

files.
Keeps track of the Historical files that have been created and
allows you to delete them.
The Database Reconstruction functions allow you to reconstruct
or create a Data History listing from the data in the Historical
files.
The reconstructed database can be moved to the network
database for use by other applications.

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Trend Displays
Real Time Trend Display

Digital, analog or counter value can be viewed

simultaneously in different displays.
The information is usually sampled cyclically, stored in
memory on a circular buffer and plotted on a window against
time.

Historical Trend Displays

To trend the value (digital, analog counter) with archived data

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Trend Displays
DISPLAY OBJECT

TRACK

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MODIFYING TRACK
ATTRIBUTES

AXIS DIRECTION Whether the X axis is horizontal (the default) or

vertical
Grid lines Whether grid lines are visible or not (the default) in the

display area
SCALE TO OBJECT All display objects are scaled to the currently

selected display object's scale

AUTO SCALE set automatically based the historical maximum and

historical minimum
FULL DATE STRING Whether the date and time is displayed or

just the time.

SCADA-EMS GROUP NRLDC

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Tagging

Tags are free formatted text, which provide critical

information to next shift operator .
Tags can be provided over digital, analog and counters datapoints.
Operators can insert, edit or delete any number of tags, if
they have privileges to do so.
Some operators may only be allowed to view tags.
These operations can be done from graphic displays by
selecting a dynamic object or from a system list of entities.

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Types of Data Outages

All data became suspected.
All the data pertaining to your organisation is out.
All the data pertaining to other organisation is out.
Data only from a one or some of the substation is out.

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Trouble Shooting
All the data on display
have become
suspected

1. Both Data server of this control

center are out.
OR
2. Master Data Server failed and
standby data server
has not taken over.

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Trouble Shooting
All the data pertaining
to your organisation
is not updating.

1.

All the data pertaining

to other organisation
is not updating.

Both ICCP server of this control

center are out.
OR

2.

Master ICCP Server failed and

standby ICCP server has not
taken over.

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Trouble Shooting (contd.)

Some Data is not
updating on display
or it is marked as
suspect

Find out from which

RTU it was coming.

Yes

Yes

Is RTU reporting
to this control
center.

Is this RTU
belongs to
your
organization.

No

No

Check I
CCP Rou
te

Check
CFE Ro
ute

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Checking ICCP Route

Yes

Does the bad data belong

to your organisation.

Find to which Sub-LDC

this RTU reports.

Yes

No

Are the
ICCP
Servers
of RSCC
OK.

Are the
Are both servers OK.
Data
Yes
No
Yes
No
Server
s of
RSCC
OK. Communication
Communication
Data is interrupted
Data is interrupted
link between
Sub-LDC and
SLDC is out.

due to outages of
servers at Sub-LDC

due to outages of
Data servers at
RSCC.

between RSCC &

this SLADC not OK.

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No

Data is interrupted
due to outages of
ICCP servers at
RSCC.

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DATA BASE
SCADAMDL

for the SCADA database

NETMODEL

for the Network database

GENMODEL

for the Generation database

DTSMODEL

for the DTS database

COMMUNICATION database

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Network Database
Network Modeling
NETMODEL
How Network Components are electrically connected?

The Parameters used to model them.

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Network Database
THE NETWORK DATA
The topology of power network
A description of every component in the system
An equivalent model
Schedules
Tables
A load model
Operating limits

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Thank you !!

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