Power Quality

Digital Meters - Power
Quality Monitoring and

Analysis
John Levine
Mar 21, 2006
1
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
Contents
Effects of power quality

Power Quality definitions revisited
What is needed for PQ monitoring ?
GE Multilins solution
o PQMII
o EPM9000 series
Summary
Monitor and Analyze Power Disturbances, Disruptions & H

2
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
PQ is a Business Problem
Power Quality issues cause business
problems such as:
Lost productivity, idle people and equipment
Lost orders, good will, customers and profits
Lost transactions and orders not being
processed
Revenue and accounting problems
Customer and/or management dissatisfaction
Overtime required to make up for lost work
time
According to Electric Light and Power Magazine, 30 to

40 Percent of All Business Downtime Is Related to
Power Quality Problems.
3
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
Is Power Quality Such a Big

Problem?
4
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
Why PQ is such a Big Problem?

The sensitivity of todays electronic equipment
makes it susceptible to power disturbances
For some devices, a momentary disturbance can
cause
o scrambled data
o interrupted communications
o a frozen mouse
o system crashes and equipment failure
5
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
PQ Problems are Expensive

Berkeley Lab Study Estimates $80 Billion
Annual Cost of Power Interruptions
Research News, Berkeley Lab, February 2, 2005
$50 billon per year in the USA is lost as a
results of power quality breakdowns .
Bank of America Report
A manufacturing company lost more than
$3 million one day last summer in Silicon
Valley when the lights went out. New
York Times January 2000
A voltage sag in a paper mill can waste a
whole day of production - $250,000 loss
Business Week, June 17,, 1996
Half of all computer problems and onethird of all data loss can be traced back to
the power line Contingency Planning
Research, LAN Times
6
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
Who is Affected?
High Cost Facilities
o Semiconductor plants
o Pharmaceuticals
o Data centers
Medium Cost Facilities
oAutomotive
manufacturing
oGlass plants
oPlastics & Chemicals
oTextiles
Lost production
Scrap
Costs to restart
Labor costs
Equipment damage and repair
Other costs
7
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
PQ Definitions Revisited
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
Short Duration
Variations
Typical
Duration
Instantaneous Sag
0.5 30 cycles
Momentary Sag
30 cycles 3
sec
Temporary Sag
3 sec 1 min
8
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
Short Duration
Variations
Typical
Duration
Instantaneous Sag
0.5 30 cycles
Momentary Sag
30 cycles 3
sec.
Temporary Sag
3 sec 1 min.
Instantaneous Swell
0.5 30 cycles
Momentary Swell
30 cycles 3
sec.
Temporary Swell
3 sec 1 min.
9
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
Short Duration
Variations
Typical
Duration
Instantaneous Sag
0.5 30 cycles
Momentary Sag
30 cycles 3
sec.
Temporary Sag
3 sec 1 min.
Instantaneous Swell
0.5 30 cycles
Momentary Swell
30 cycles 3
sec.
Temporary Swell
3 sec 1 min.
Momentary
Interruptions
0.5 30 cycles
Temporary
Interruptions
30 cycles 3
sec.
10
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
Long Duration
Variations
Typical
Duration
Sustained
interruptions
> 1 min
Under voltages
> 1 min
Over voltages
> 1 min
11
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
Long Duration
Variations
Typical
Duration
Sustained
interruptions
> 1 min
Under voltages
> 1 min
Over voltages
> 1 min
Voltage imbalance
Steady state
Waveform
Distortion
12
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
Long Duration
Variations
Typical
Duration
Sustained
interruptions
> 1 min
Under voltages
> 1 min
Over voltages
> 1 min
Voltage imbalance
Steady state
Waveform
Distortion
DC offset
Steady state
Harmonics
Steady state
Inter harmonics
Steady state
For Electric Utilities Control of Voltage and Prevention of

Outages is Power Quality
13
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
Sources of PQ Problems
Utility Sources
Lightning
PF Correction Equipment
Faults
Switching
Internal Sources
Individual Loads Lighting, Elevators,
Coolers, HVAC
Uninterruptible Power Supplies
Variable Frequency Drives
Battery Chargers
Large Motors During Startup
Electronic Dimming Systems
Lighting Ballasts (esp. Electronic)
Arc Welders, and Other Arc Devices
Medical Equipment, e.g. MRIs and X-Ray
Machines
Office Equipment and Computers
Wiring
14
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
PQ Problems and Possible

Causes
Typical problems
Disturbance Type
Possible Causes
Overheated neutral
Intermittent lock-ups
Frequency deviations
Steady-state
Shared neutrals
Improper or inadequate
wiring
High source impedance
SCR/Rectifiers and notching
Harmonics
15
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015

Causes
Typical problems
Disturbance Type
Possible Causes
Overheated neutral
Steady-state
Shared neutrals
wiring
Harmonics
Interruption
Garbled data
Random increase in harmonics
levels
Utility faults
Inrush currents
Inadequate wiring
16
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015

Causes
Typical problems
Disturbance Type
Possible Causes
Overheated neutral
Steady-state
Shared neutrals
wiring
Harmonics
Interruption
Garbled data
levels
Lights flicker
Garbled data
Utility faults
Inrush currents
Inadequate wiring
Sags/Swell
Source voltage variations

Inrush/surge currents
Inadequate wiring
17
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015

Causes
Typical problems
Disturbance Type
Possible Causes
Overheated neutral
Steady-state
Shared neutrals
wiring
Harmonics
Interruption
Garbled data
levels
Utility faults
Inrush currents
Inadequate wiring
Lights flicker
Garbled data
Sags/Swell

Inadequate wiring
Component failure
Dielectric breakdown
Lock-ups
Garbled data
Wavy CRTs
Impulses
EMI/RFI
Lightning
Load switching
Capacitor switching
Static discharge
Hand-held radios
Loose wiring/arcing
18
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015

Causes
Typical problems
Disturbance Type
Possible Causes
Overheated neutral
Steady-state
Shared neutrals
wiring
Harmonics
Interruption
Garbled data
levels
Utility faults
Inrush currents
Inadequate wiring
Lights flicker
Garbled data
Sags/Swell

Inadequate wiring
Component failure
Dielectric breakdown
Lock-ups
Garbled data
Wavy CRTs
Impulses
EMI/RFI
Lightning
Load switching
Capacitor switching
Static discharge
Hand-held radios
Loose wiring/arcing
Overheated transformers and

motors
Voltage and current distortions
Garbled data
Lock-ups
Harmonics
Electronic loads
SCR/rectifier
19
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
Major PQ Problems
Outages,
6%
Spikes, 7%
Swells,
Sags, 56%
31%
Source: EPRI, 1994
Swells
Sags (Dips)
System fault conditions
Associated with system faults
Switching on a large capacitor bank
Switching of heavy loads
Switching off a large load
Starting of large motors
20
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
Cost of Voltage Sags

Textile Industry
Plastics Industry
Glass Industry
Process Industry
Semiconductors
$1k
$10
$100k
Source: EPRI The Economics
k of Custom Power, IEEE T&D Show 2003
$1M
$10
M
Losses per Voltage Sag Event

21
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
Cost of Momentary Outages
Momentary Outages
create problems
when computers and
clocks reset,
equipment stalls, and
work stops.
Category
Industrial
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Electronics
Automobile Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical
Glass
Rubber and Plastics
Petrochemical
Food Processing
Textile
Metal Fabrication
Mining
Paper
Printing(Newspapers)
Cost of Momentary Interuption

($/kW Demand)
Minimum Maximum
Commercial
Hospitals, banks, civil service
Communications, information processing
Resturants, bars, hotels
Commercial shops
$20.0
$8.0
$5.0
$5.0
$4.0
$3.0
$3.0
$3.0
$2.0
$2.0
$2.0
$1.5
$1.0
$60.0
$12.0
$7.5
$50.0
$6.0
$4.5
$5.0
$5.0
$4.0
$4.0
$4.0
$2.5
$2.0
$2.0
$1.0
$0.5
$0.1
$3.0
$10.0
$1.0
$0.5
Source: EPRI The Economics of Custom Power, IEEE T&D 2003
22
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
High Speed Waveform Capture
High Speed Waveform Capture Is the Most Important PQ

23
Troubleshooting Tool
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
Benefits of Continuous PQ
Power Quality monitoring provides a
Monitoring
continuous Health Check of a facilitys
power system for example:
o
Harmonic interaction between loads

and power conditioning equipment
spotted
High Inrush currents from

equipment startup detected
o
Transients
switching
It provides
data tofrom
see, load
diagnose
and are
seen problems like squeaky
avert looming
brakes on a car
o
Trends can be detected
JIT equipment maintenance

programs can be established
It acts like a Black Box on an airplane to

tell you what, when, and where a Power
Quality event occurred to prevent it
from Continuous
reoccurring
PQ Monitoring Detects,
24
Records,
Multilin
and Leads to the Prevention of PQ Problems Jan 28,
2015
What is needed for PQ

Monitoring?
PQ Monitors must detect and
record the 7 types of PQ
problems
Plus they must
Be easy to use
Be Suitable for continuously
Transients
monitoring indoors and
Interruptions
outdoors
Sag/Under Voltage
Interface with standard PQ
Swell/Over Voltage
analysis SoftwarePQDif
Waveform Distortion
format
Voltage Fluctuations
Be fast enough to capture high
Frequency Variations
speed events that produce
equipment problems
Have enough storage to save
These include Flicker and
Compliance to ITI(CBEMA), IEEE
the waveforms you need
and ISO Standards
Have PQ analysis tools that
produce
usable,
actionable
ITI: Information Technology Industry Council (Computer & Business Equipment
Manufacturers
Association)
25
recommendations GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
Real Time Field Recorded Events

Source: AGA Brazil
Meter: EPM9650
Period: Jan 2005

Dec 2005
Continuous Monitoring of the Station for PQ Prob

26
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
PQ Meter ITI Capture
ITI Acceptable Power

Disturbance Envelope
Damage Inducing Voltage
Surges as Recorded
Equipment Interrupting
Voltage Sags as Recorded
27
ITI: Information Technology Industry Council (Computer & Business Equipment Manufacturers Association)
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
Instantaneous Sag Event
28
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
Instantaneous Swell Event
29
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
Harmonic & Interharmonic

Spectrum
30
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
Flicker Recording
31
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
Flicker Recording
32
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
Summary
GE Multilin provides the necessary tools for a successful PQ
disturbance analysis and allows users to take remedial actions
Symptoms
Feels the pulse of the
power system network
Accurate Measurement
Examinations
to determine actual
state High resolution
recordings for longer
Diagnosis
durations
GE Communicator
software
Remedy
Remedial actions
33
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015
Finally
If You Cant Measure it You Cant
Manage it
If You Can Measure it You Can
Manage it
34
Multilin
Jan 28, 2015

Power Quality

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Power Quality

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Digital Meters - Power

Quality Monitoring and

Effects of power quality

Monitor and Analyze Power Disturbances, Disruptions & H

According to Electric Light and Power Magazine, 30 to

Is Power Quality Such a Big

Why PQ is such a Big Problem?

PQ Problems are Expensive

For Electric Utilities Control of Voltage and Prevention of

PQ Problems and Possible

PQ Problems and Possible

PQ Problems and Possible

Source voltage variations

PQ Problems and Possible

Source voltage variations

PQ Problems and Possible

Source voltage variations

Overheated transformers and

System fault conditions

Associated with system faults

Switching on a large capacitor bank

Switching of heavy loads

Switching off a large load

Starting of large motors

Cost of Voltage Sags

Losses per Voltage Sag Event

Cost of Momentary Outages

Cost of Momentary Interuption

Source: EPRI The Economics of Custom Power, IEEE T&D 2003

High Speed Waveform Capture

High Speed Waveform Capture Is the Most Important PQ

Harmonic interaction between loads

High Inrush currents from

Trends can be detected

JIT equipment maintenance

It acts like a Black Box on an airplane to

What is needed for PQ

Plus they must

Real Time Field Recorded Events

Period: Jan 2005

Continuous Monitoring of the Station for PQ Prob

PQ Meter ITI Capture

ITI Acceptable Power

Instantaneous Sag Event

Instantaneous Swell Event

Harmonic & Interharmonic

Você também pode gostar