ELECTRICAL MACHINE

EEP 3243

Lt C d r O n g K h ye Lia t R M N

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RECAP/ADDITION

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• The amount of magnetic field lines passing
through the area near the magnet is called
the magnetic flux, ø and in unit Wb.
• Magnetic flux density, B is defined as the ratio
of magnetic flux per unit area. Its unit is Tesla
or Wb per square meter.
•
•
• The magnetomotive force (MMF),F is defined as
the product of current and the number of
turns of the coil.

F= NI At

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• Magnetic field intensity is defined as the
magnetomotive force per unit length.
•
• Relative permeability is the ratio of permeability
of any medium (µ) to the permeability of the
free space (µo)
•
• The magnetic flux density (B) created in a
magnetic material is directly proportional to
the amount of applied magnetic field intensity
(H).
 B = µr µoH


 4
• Reluctance (R) is the ratio of magnetomotive
force to the flux through any cross section of
magnetic circuit.
•
•
• Permeance (P) is defined as the ratio of
magnetic flux to the magnetomotive force
through any cross section of the magnetic
circuit.
•



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• Electromagnetic force or Lorentz force, F
 F = BlI


•
•
• Hysteresis loss, Ph = khVcvol Bm nf
•
• Eddy Current Loss, Pe = keVcvol t2Bm 2f2


•
•

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Hysteresis Loop
• Current increasing from
zero to some value then
H will increasing, Ha.
• Increase the current of its
max value until H reach
at the saturation point
where magnetic material
has reached to its
saturation region, Hb.


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 Cont
• In the reverse way
(because of AC), when
current decrease the H
will moves by the other
path.
• But there will be some B
remaining (OC, Br
,residual induction) if the
H is reduced to zero.
• If increase the current in
the reverse direction,
then the H will finish at8
 Cont
• OD, Hc, coercive force is
necessary to
demagnetize the
magnetic material.
• Continue increasing
current will end to point
E and will be developed
complete hysteresis
curve in the opposite
direction if continue the
other steps.

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Eddy Current Loss
• The effect of laminations
is to confine eddy
currents to highly
elliptical paths that
enclose little flux, and
so reduce their
magnitude.
• Thinner laminations
reduce losses, but are
more laborious and
expensive to construct.
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 Magnetic Materials
• Fe rro m a g n e tic m a te ria ls h a ve h ig h
a n d + ve su sce p tib ility to a
m a g n e tic fie ld . µ r > 1000s µo . Like
iron, nickel, steel and cobalt.
• Diamagnetic materials have very weak
and –ve susceptibility to a
magnetic field. µr < µo . Like
copper, gold and silver.

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 Cont.
• Paramagnetic materials have small and
+ve susceptibility to a magnetic
field. µr slightly higher than µo .
Like magnesium, molybdenum and
lithium.

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TRANSFORMER

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 Introduction
• A transformer is a device that
transfers electrical energy from
one circuit to another
through inductively
coupled conductors . It has
following points:
– No moving parts.
– No electrical connection btw
windings.
– Magnetically coupled winding.
– Efficiency more than 95%.
– No frequency change.


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
 Classification
• By power capacity: from a fraction of a volt-ampere (VA) to
over a thousand MVA;
• By frequency range: power-, audio-, or radio frequency;
• By voltage class: from a few volts to hundreds of
kilovolts;
• By cooling type: air cooled, oil filled, fan cooled, or
water cooled;
• By application: such as power supply, impedance matching,
output voltage and current stabilizer, or circuit
isolation;
• By end purpose: distribution, rectifier, arc furnace,
amplifier output;
• By winding turns ratio: step-up, step-down, isolating (equal
or near-equal ratio), variable.
•

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 Transformer Types
• Po w e r tra n sfo rm e rs
– La m in a te d co re
– To ro id a l
– Po lyp h a se tra n sfo rm e r
• In stru m e n t tra n sfo rm e rs
–CT
– AT


–
–
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
 Cont.
• Pu lse tra n sfo rm e rs
• R F tra n sfo rm e rs ( S te e lla m in a tio n s a re
n o t su ita b le )
– A ir-co re tra n sfo rm e rs
– B a lu n
• A u d io tra n sfo rm e rs
– Lo u d sp e a ke r tra n sfo rm e rs
– O u tp u t tra n sfo rm e r ( va lve )


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Circuit symbols

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 Transformer Construction
• D e p e n d s o n vo lta g e & cu rre n t ra tin g .
• It co n sists o f:
– M a g n e tic co re
– C o ils
– In su la tin g m a te ria ls
– Ta n k & co o lin g syste m


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 Magnetic Core
• N o rm a lly m a d e o f la m in a te d sh e e t ste e l.
• L , I, E typ e la m in a te d sh e e t ste e l.
• N o n m a g n e tic m a te ria lkn o w n a s a ir co re
tra n sfo rm e r.
• Fe rro m a g n e tic m a te ria lkn o w n a s iro n -
co re tra n sfo rm e r.
• 2 typ e s o f co n stru ctio n co re & sh e lltyp e .
•

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 Coils
• M a d e b y b a re co p p e r w ire b y # o f tu rn s
a n d in su la te d fro m e a ch o th e r b y
in su la tin g m a te ria ls.
• T h e  co n d u ctin g m a te ria l u se d fo r th e
w in d in g s d e p e n d s u p o n th e a p p lica tio n .
– S m a llp o w e r a n d sig n a ltra n sfo rm e rs, th e
co ils a re o fte n w o u n d fro m  e n a m e le d
m a g n e t w ire , su ch a s Fo rm va r w ire .


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 Cont.
– La rg e r p o w e r tra n sfo rm e rs w o u n d w ith
co p p e r re cta n g u la r strip co n d u cto rs
in su la te d b y o il-im p re g n a te d p a p e r a n d
b lo cks o f p re ssb o a rd .


– H ig h -fre q u e n cy tra n sfo rm e rs o p e ra tin g in

th e te n s to h u n d re d s o f kilo h e rtz o fte n
h a ve w in d in g s m a d e o f b ra id e d  Litz w ire  .


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 Insulating Material
• E n a m e lis a co m m o n m a te ria lfo r in te r
tu rn in su la tio n .
• O th e r m a te ria ls a re in su la tin g p a p e r,
co tto n ta p e , w in d in g le a d s, h ig h o r lo w
vo lta g e b u sh in g .
• Tra n sfo rm e r o il, P yra n o lu se d fo r
in su la tio n p u rp o se s in sid e e n e rg ize d
tra n sfo rm e r.

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 Tank & Cooling System
• Ta n k is u se d to h o ld co ils, co re a n d
tra n sfo rm e r o il.
• Ta n k a lso fo r sa fe ty a n d p ro te ctio n
p u rp o se s.
• Tra n sfo rm e r o ilis u se d to re d u ce th e h e a t
w h ich g e n e ra te d b y tra n sfo rm e r u n d e r
lo a d e d co n d itio n .
• N a tu ra la ir co o lin g a lso u se d to re d u ce
th e h e a t.
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 Operating Principle
• 2 coils (primary &
secondary) in a 1
phase
transformer.
• Primary coil
connected to
source,
secondary coil
delivers the
power to load.

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Cont.
• A sin u so id a lcu rre n t w ill
flo w th ro u g h p rim a ry
co ilw h e n co n n e cte d to
A C so u rce .
• Flu x , Ø w illg e n e ra te in
co re & m o ve fro m
b o tto m to u p o f p rim a ry
co il.
• S m a ll % o f th e flu x w ill
cu t th e p rim a ry co ila n d
9 5 % flu x w illm o ve to
se co n d a ry co ilth ro u g h
th e m a g n e tic co re .

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Cont.
• The flux will cut by the
secondary coil.
• A voltage will induce
across secondary coil
according to Faradays
laws of electronmagnetic
induction.
• The current will flow
through the load if load
is attached to secondary
coil.

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END OF PART 2

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