Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Complex
Numbers,
Polar
Equations,
and
Parametric
Equations
Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley
8.1-1
8.1-2
8.1-3
8.1-4
8.1-5
8.1-6
The Expression
8.1-7
Example 1
WRITING
AS
8.1-8
Example 2
Solution set:
Solution set:
8.1-9
Example 3
8.1-10
Caution
When working with negative radicands,
use the definition
before
using any of the other rules for radicals.
In particular, the rule
is
valid only when c and d are not both
negative.
For example
while
so
Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley
,
,
8.1-11
Example 4
8.1-12
Example 5
Write
Factor.
8.1-13
8.1-14
Example 6
= (4 6) + [3 (7)]i
= 10 + 10i
8.1-15
Multiplication of Complex
Numbers
8.1-16
Example 7
8.1-17
Example 7
(c) (2 + i)(2 i)
= 4 2i 2i i2
= 4 4i (1)
= 4 4i + 1
= 3 4i
8.1-18
Example 7
8.1-19
Example 8
SIMPLIFYING POWERS OF i
(b)
(c)
8.1-20
Powers of i
i1 = i
i5 = i
i9 = i
i2 = 1
i6 = 1
i10 = 1
i3 = i
i7 = i
i11 = i
i4 = 1
8.1-21
8.1-22
8.1-23
i2 = 1
Standard form
8.1-24
8.1-25
8.1-26
(4 + i) + (1 + 3i) = 5 + 4i
8.1-27
Example 1
(6 2i) + (4 3i) = 2 5i
8.1-28
8.1-29
8.1-30
Example 2
8.1-31
8.1-32
Caution
Be sure to choose the correct
quadrant for by referring to the
graph sketched in Step 1.
8.1-33
Write
measure.)
Step 1:
Sketch the graph of
in the complex plane.
Step 2:
8.1-34
Step 3:
The reference angle for is
The graph shows that is in
quadrant II, so =
8.1-35
8.1-36
Example 4
CONVERTING BETWEEN
TRIGONOMETRIC AND RECTANGULAR
FORMS USING CALCULATOR
APPROXIMATIONS
2.5357 + 5.4378i
8.1-37
Example 4
CONVERTING BETWEEN
TRIGONOMETRIC AND RECTANGULAR
FORMS USING CALCULATOR
APPROXIMATIONS (continued)
(b) 5 4i
A sketch of 5 4i shows that
must be in quadrant IV.
8.1-38
Example 5
8.1-39
Example 5
8.1-40
Example 5
The calculations
repeat as 0, 1, 0, 1,
and so on.
8.1-41
Example 5
8.1-42
8.1-43
Product Theorem
8.1-44
Example 1
8.1-45
Quotient Theorem
8.1-46
Example 2
8.1-47
Example 3
8.1-48
Example 3
8.1-49
8.4
8.1-50
De Moivres Theorem
is a complex number,
then
8.1-51
Example 1
Find
form.
First write
8.1-52
Example 1
Rectangular form
Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley
8.1-53
nth Root
For a positive integer n, the complex
number a + bi is an nth root of the
complex number x + yi if
8.1-54
8.1-55
Note
In the statement of the nth root theorem,
if is in radians, then
8.1-56
Example 2
8.1-57
Example 2
8.1-58
Example 2
8.1-59
Example 3
Write
in trigonometric form:
8.1-60
Example 3
8.1-61
Example 3
8.1-62
Example 3
8.1-63
Example 4
8.1-64
Example 4
and
Solution set: {cis 0, cis 72, cis 144, cis 216, cis 288}
Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley
8.1-65
Example 4
8.1-66
8.5
8.1-67
8.1-68
8.1-69
8.1-70
8.1-71
Example 1
8.1-72
Example 1
8.1-73
Example 1
Since r is negative, Q is 4
units in the opposite
direction from the pole on an
extension of the
ray.
8.1-74
Example 1
8.1-75
Note
While a given point in the plane can
have only one pair of rectangular
coordinates, this same point can
have an infinite number of pairs of
polar coordinates.
8.1-76
Example 2
8.1-77
Example 2
8.1-78
8.1-79
8.1-80
Example 3
(a) y = x 3
In standard form, the equation is x y = 3, so a = 1,
b = 1, and c = 3.
The general form for the polar equation of a line is
y = x 3 is equivalent to
Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley
8.1-81
Example 3
8.1-82
Example 3
(b)
This is the graph of a circle with center at the origin
and radius 2.
8.1-83
Example 3
8.1-84
Example 4
8.1-85
Example 4
8.1-86
Example 4
8.1-87
Example 5
8.1-88
Example 5
8.1-89
Example 6
Graph
8.1-90
Example 6
8.1-91
Example 6
To graph
8.1-92
Example 7
8.1-93
Example 7
8.1-94
Example 8
to rectangular
Rectangular form8.1-95
Example 8
8.1-96
8.1-97
8.1-98
8.1-99
8.6
8.1-100
8.1-101
Example 1
8.1-102
Example 1
8.1-103
Example 1
8.1-104
Example 2
FINDING AN EQUIVALENT
RECTANGULAR EQUATION
, for x in [0,
8.1-105
Example 3
Identity
Substitution
8.1-106
Example 3
8.1-107
Note
Parametric representations of a curve
are not unique.
In fact, there are infinitely many
parametric representations of a given
curve.
8.1-108
Example 4
8.1-109
The Cycloid
The path traced by a fixed point on the circumference
of a circle rolling along a line is called a cycloid.
A cycloid is defined by
8.1-110
The Cycloid
If a flexible cord or wire goes through points P and Q,
and a bead is allowed to slide due to the force of
gravity without friction along this path from P to Q, the
path that requires the shortest time takes the shape of
an inverted cycloid.
8.1-111
Example 5
GRAPHING A CYCLOID
8.1-112
Example 5
8.1-113
Applications of Parametric
Equations
If a ball is thrown with a velocity of v feet per second at
an angle with the horizontal, its flight can be
modeled by the parametric equations
8.1-114
Example 6
8.1-115
Example 6
8.1-116
Example 6
8.1-117
Example 7
8.1-118
Example 7
8.1-119
Example 8
8.1-120
Example 8
8.1-121
Example 8
8.1-122