Convective Heat & Mass Transfer

The transmitting medium is in motion and also heat is

conducted or mass is diffused.
Integral and Differential Forms of Governing Equations
Typical Control Volume
n
B

V
n
n
n = unit outward normal to the surface

Convective Heat & Mass Transfer

Introduction
Internal Flows
Couette Flows
Poiseuille Flows
External Flows
Boundary Layer Flows
Stagnation Point Flows
Free Convection (Natural Convection)
Approximate Solutions, Correlations, Numerical
Solutions

Convective Heat & Mass Transfer

Example :
In diffusion problems we have considered h or hm
are either specified constant or specified function.
Now, h or hm will be determined as a part of the solution.
Local value of h at the surface is determined from

h Ts ( x , y ) T k f
T ( x, y)
n
Then
kf

h( x , y )
T ( x, y)
Ts ( x , y ) T n
Ts ( x , y ) is the temperature at the surface and
k f is the thermal conductivity of the fluid

For mass transfer :

Local value of hm is determined from :
hm C s ( x , y ) C D AB

C ( x, y)
n

Then
D AB

hm ( x , y )
C ( x, y)
C s ( x , y ) C n
C s ( x , y ) is the concentration at the surface and
D AB is the diffusion coefficient.

Average values of heat and mass transfer coefficents

For heat transfer :
The average value of heat transfer coefficent for
the surface :
1
h h( x , y )dA
A A
For mass transfer :
The average value of mass transfer coefficent for
the surface :
1
hm hm ( x , y )dA
A A

Conservation Laws
Conservation of Mass: When mass is neither
added nor removed at any point

V t dV B ( v n)dA 0
using the divergence theorem (discussed previously )

V t div ( v) dV 0
so that at every point

div ( v) 0
t

( u) ( v ) ( w ) 0
t x
y
z

Conservation Mass - Continued

When mass is neither added nor removed at any point

or using indical notation conservation of mass

implies that

( v i ) 0
t x i
or
v i

vi

0
t
x i
x i

. v 0
t

Conservation of Momentum
Momentum: The rate of change of linear momentum of the fluid
equals the total force acting on the fluid

( v )
dV v( v n )dA
B
t

gdV fdA
V

g body force per unit mass ( gravity)

f surface force per unit area (elastic or viscous )

Conservation of Momentum - Continued

The rate of change of linear momentum of the fluid equals the
total force acting on the fluid

For a continuum
f n
or using indical notation
f i ij n j

where ij

is the stress matrix.

In terms of indical notation

the momentum equation can be written as

Conservation of Momentum - Continued

( v i )
dV v i v j n j dA
B
t

g i dV ij n j dA
V

or using the diverging theorem , as

( v i ) ( v i v j )
ij

V t x j gi x j

dV 0

Consequently, at each point

ij
( v i ) ( v i v j )

gi
0
t
x j
x j
or, using the conservation of mass or continuity,
v i

ij

v
i

vj
gi
t

x
x j
j

In addition, the condition that the rate of change

of the angular momentum about any fixed point
equals the moment of the forces implies that
ij ji

First Law of Thermodynamics (Energy Equation):

rate at which internal energy and kinetic energy of material
in V B changes
rate at which body forces do work in V
rate at which surface forces do work at B
rate at which energy is generated in V
rate at which heat is conducted across the boundary B .

With
e internal energy per unit mass of the material
and the energy per unit volume
1
1
E (e v v) (e v jv j )
2
2

Conservation of Energy- Continued

E
dV E ( v n )dA
B
t

( v g )dV ( v f )dA
B

qdV (q n )dA
B

where
q heat flux per unit area
q rate at which energy is generated per unit mass

Conservation of Energy - Continued

E
dV Ev j n j dA
B
t

v j g j dV v i ij n j dA
V

V qdV B q j n j dA
or, using the divergence theorem, as
E ( Ev j )
(v i ij )
q j

V t x j v j g j x j q x j

dV 0

Conservation of Energy - Continued

Consequently, at each point

(v i ij )
q j
E ( Ev j )

v j g j
q
0.
t
x j
x j
x j
Expanding,
v j
E
E
vj
E
t
x j
x j
ij

q j
v i
v i ( g i
)
ij q
0.
x j
x j
x j

Conservation of Energy - Continued

Since
1
dE (e v i v i )d (de v i dv i )
2
Ed / (de v i dv i )
It follows that
e

v i

vj
( E / )
vi

x
x i
x i
j
t

v i

q j

v
ij
i
i
vi
vj
gi
ij q
0,

x j
x j x j
x j
t

Conservation of Energy - Continued

or, using the mass and the momentum equations, that
e

q j

e
i

vj
ij q
t

x
x j
x j
j

The term
v i
ij ij ij
x j
represents the heat generated by the stress
per unit volume of the material

THE INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLUID

THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS WITH
HEAT TRANSFER
Equations of State :
Density :

constant
Stress :
If p denotes the pressure , the viscosity ,
1 v i v j
ij

2 x j x i

the rate of strain matrix, then the stress matrix

ij p ij 2 ij

THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS WITH

HEAT TRANSFER
Heat Flux :
Fourier' s Law
internal energy :

T
qi k
x i
de
c
dT

In general
the viscosity ,
the internal energy, e
and the thermal conductivity and heat capacity, k , c
are specified functions of the temperature T .

COMPLETE SET OF EQUATIONS MOTION &

HEAT TRANSFER
Independent Variables :

x1 , x 2 , x 3 , t

Dependant Variables :

v1 , v 2 , v 3 , p, T

Equations :
Mass :
v i
0
x i
Momentum :

v i

v
p

vj
gi

t
x i x j
x j

v i v j

x j x i

Energy :
T
T

c
vj
t
x j

v i

x j

v i v j

x j x i

x j

k T
x j

COMPLETE SET OF EQUATIONS MOTION &

HEAT TRANSFER
Special case : Uniform physical properties

constant , c constant , k constant

Mass :
v i
0
x i
Momentum :
2
v i

vi

p
i

vj
gi

t
x i
x j
x j x j

Energy :
T
T

c
vj
t
x j

T
j
i
i

q k

x j x j x i
x j x j

The energy equation governing the variation in temperature decouples from

the equations governing the motion of the fluid : first the motion of the fluid
can be calculated and then the variation in the temperature

COMPLETE SET OF EQUATIONS MOTION &

MASS TRANSFER
Special case : Uniform physical properties

constant , D AB constant
Mass :
v i
0
x i
Momentum :
2
v i

vi

p
i

vj
gi

x j
x j x j

x i

Concentration transport : with C , the concentration of the species of interest

C
C
2C
vj
N D AB
t
x j
x j x j
The equation governing the variation in concentration uncouples from
the equations governing the motion of the fluid : first the motion of the fluid
can be calculated and then the variation in the concentration