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VISCOUS FLOW
Nazaruddin Sinaga
Laboratorium Efisiensi dan Konservasi Energi
Universitas Diponegoro
1
Outline
Flow Measurements
2
Osborne Reynolds
Experiment
Entrance Length
Developing Flow
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Types of Flow
The physical nature of fluid flow can be categorized into three types, i.e.
laminar, transition and turbulent flow. Reynolds Number (Re) can be
used to characterize these flow.
VD VD
Re
where
(6.3)
= density
= dynamic viscosity
= kinematic viscosity ( = /)
V = mean velocity
D = pipe diameter
Laminar Flow
Viscous shears dominate in this type of flow and the
fluid appears to be moving in discreet layers. The
shear stress is governed by Newtons law of viscosity
du
dy
A typical
velocity
distribution in
a pipe flow
P r
L 2
(6.5)
dr
L 2
P 1 r R
r 0 rdr
L 2
R 2 r 2 P
ur
4
where
P = change in pressure
L = length of pipe
R = pipe radius
r = distance measured from the center of pipe
The maximum velocity is at the center of the pipe, i.e. when r = 0.
R 2 P
u max
4 L
It can be shown that the mean velocity is half the maximum velocity,
i.e. V=umax/2
(6.8)
VR
4
4
R
R
VD 2 D Re 2 D
35
36
Maximum Velocity
37
38
Turbulent Flow
This is the most commonly occurring flow in engineering
practice in which fluid particles move erratically causing
instantaneous fluctuations in the velocity components.
These fluctuations cause additional shear stresses. In this
type of flow both viscous and turbulent shear stresses exists.
Thus, the shear stress in turbulent flow is a combination of
laminar and turbulent shear stresses, and can be written as:
lam tur
dU
dy
where
= dynamic viscosity
= eddy viscosity which is not a fluid property but
turbulence condition of flow.
39
depends upon
40
41
Uy
y
U CL R
1/ 7
(6.10)
43
(6.11a)
(6.11b)
Turbulent Velocity
Profiles in Fully
Developed Pipe Flow
45
46
47
Head Losses
48
Head Losses
The momentum balance in the flow direction is thus given by
49
50
51
Head Loss
53
54
Friction Factor
55
56
57
Nikuradses
Experiments
Function of Re and
roughness
Laminar
64 region
f
e
)
D
k
Re
1/ 4
Rough
Blausius
Re
Independent of
roughness
Turbulent region
64
Re
e
5.74
3.7 D Re 0.9
log10
Laminar
Transition
Turbulent
Smooth
59
Moody Diagram
60
61
Calculation of Minor
Head Loss
Minor Losses
62
Pipe Entrance
Developing flow
Includes boundary
layer and core,
viscous effects grow
inward from the wall
Fully developed flow
Shape of velocity
Pressure
profile is same at all
points along pipe Entrance
pressure drop
Le 0.06 Re
D 4.4Re1/6
Laminar flow
Turbulent flow
Fully developed
flow region
Entrance length Le
Region of linear
pressure drop
Le
Where,
V2
hL h f hm
2g
m
L
f
m
D
m
Calculation of Minor
Head Loss
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
Example 1
Water at 10C is flowing at a rate of 0.03 m3/s through a pipe. The pipe
has 150-mm diameter, 500 m long, and the surface roughness is estimated
at 0.06 mm. Find the head loss and the pressure drop throughout the
length of the pipe.
Solution:
From Table 1.3 (for water): = 1000 kg/m3 and =1.30x10-3 N.s/m2
V = Q/A and
A=R2
A = (0.15/2)2 = 0.01767 m2
V = Q/A =0.03/.0.01767 =1.7 m/s
Re = (1000x1.7x0.15)/(1.30x10-3) = 1.96x105 > 2000 turbulent flow
To find , use Moody Diagram with Re and relative roughness (k/D).
k/D = 0.06x10-3/0.15 = 4x10-4
From Moody diagram, 0.018
The head loss may be computed using the Darcy-Weisbach equation.
500 x 1.7 2
L V2
hf
0.018 x
8.84m.
D 2g
0.15 x 2 x 9.81
The pressure drop along the pipe can be calculated using the relationship:
P=ghf = 1000 x 9.81 x 8.84
P = 8.67 x 104 Pa
75
Example 2
Determine the energy loss that will occur as 0.06 m3/s water flows
from a 40-mm pipe diameter into a 100-mm pipe diameter through
a sudden expansion.
Solution:
The head loss through a sudden enlargement is given by;
2
Va
hm K
2g
Va
Q
0.06
3.58 m / s
Aa (0.04 / 2) 2
3.58 2
h Lm 0.70 x
0.47 m
2 x 9.81
76
Example 3
77
Solution:
Applying Bernoulli equation between section 1 and 2
P1
V12
P2
V2 2
z1
Hp
z2
H L12
(1)
g
2g
g
2g
H p z 2 z1 H L12
0.015x
1000
0 .5 0 .4 1
0.4
V2
39.4
2g
From (2):
V2
H p 230 200 39.4
2 x 9.81
Thus
Q
0.27
2.15 m / s
2
A 0.4 / 2
p
Pin
gQH p
gQH p
p
Hp = 39.3 m
Pin
Pipes in Series
When two or more pipes of
different diameters or
roughness are connected in
such a way that the fluid
follows a single flow path
throughout the system, the
system represents a series
pipeline.
In a series pipeline the total
energy loss is the sum of the
individual minor losses and
all pipe friction losses.
Pipelines in series
81
z2
H L12
g
2g
g
2g
where
(6.18)
82
83
Pipes in Parallel
A combination of two
or more pipes
connected between
two points so that the
discharge divides at
the first junction and
rejoins at the next is
known as pipes in
parallel. Here the
head loss between the
two junctions is the
same for all pipes.
84
(6.19)
(6.20)
Pipe Network
A water distribution system consists of complex
interconnected pipes, service reservoirs and/or pumps,
which deliver water from the treatment plant to the
consumer.
Water demand is highly variable, whereas supply is
normally constant. Thus, the distribution system must
include storage elements, and must be capable of
flexible operation.
Pipe network analysis involves the determination of the
pipe flow rates and pressure heads at the outflows
points of the network. The flow rate and pressure
heads must satisfy the continuity and energy equations.
86
Pipe Network
The earliest systematic method of network analysis
(Hardy-Cross Method) is known as the head balance or
closed loop method. This method is applicable to
system in which pipes form closed loops. The outflows
from the system are generally assumed to occur at the
nodes junction.
For a given pipe system with known outflows, the
Hardy-Cross method is an iterative procedure based on
initially iterated flows in the pipes. At each junction
these flows must satisfy the continuity criterion, i.e.
the algebraic sum of the flow rates in the pipe meeting
at a junction, together with any external flows is zero.
87
88
Q
2 H
89
(6.21)
Q
Example 4
A pipe 6-cm in diameter, 1000m long and with = 0.018 is
connected in parallel between two points M and N with
another pipe 8-cm in diameter, 800-m long and having =
0.020. A total discharge of 20 L/s enters the parallel pipe
through division at A and rejoins at B. Estimate the
discharge in each of the pipe.
90
Solution:
Continuity: Q = Q1 + Q2
(1)
0.02
V1 1.778V2 7.074
(2)
91
Q 2 A 2 V2 (0.08) 2 x 2.73
4
Q2 = 0.0137 m3/s
From (2):
V1 = 0.8165 V2 = 0.8165x2.73 = 2.23 m/s
Q1 = 0.0063 m3/s
Example 6.6
For the square loop shown, find the discharge in all the
pipes. All pipes are 1 km long and 300 mm in diameter, with
a friction factor of 0.0163. Assume that minor losses can be
neglected.
93
Solution:
Assume values of Q to satisfy continuity equations all at nodes.
The head loss is calculated using; HL = K1Q2
HL = hf + hLm
But minor losses can be neglected: hLm = 0
Thus HL = hf
Head loss can be calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation
L V2
hf
D 2g
94
L V2
HL hf
D 2g
1000
V2
H L 0.0163 x
x
0.3 2 x 9.81
H L 2.77
Q2
A2
2.77 x
Q2
2
2
x 0.3
4
H L 554Q 2
H L K' Q 2
K ' 554
First trial
Pipe
Q (L/s)
HL (m)
HL/Q
AB
60
2.0
0.033
BC
40
0.886
0.0222
CD
AD
-40
-0.886
0.0222
2.00
0.0774
2
HL
12.92 L / s
H
2
x
0
.
0774
L
2
Q
Second trial
Pipe
Q (L/s)
HL (m)
HL/Q
AB
47.08
1.23
0.0261
BC
27.08
0.407
0.015
CD
-12.92
-0.092
0.007
-0.0107
0.07775
Pipe
Discharge (L/s)
AB
47
BC
27
CD
-13
AD
-53
96
Multiple-Path Systems
Example:
Flow Measurement
Direct Methods
Examples: Accumulation in a Container;
Positive Displacement Flowmeter
Flow Measurement
Linear Flow Meters
Flow Measurement
Traversing Methods
Examples: Pitot (or Pitot Static) Tube; Laser
Doppler Anemometer
The End
Terima kasih
104
Darcy-Weisbach Equation
ML-1T-2
ML-
LT-1
ML-1T-1
0 F ( , V , , D, e)
4 F ( 1 , 2 )
Repeating variables : , V , D
e
1 Re; 2 ; 3 0 2
D
V
0
e
F (Re, )
D
V 2
e
0 V 2 F (Re, )
D
hf
4L
0
D
4L
e
V 2 F (Re, )
D
D
L V2
D 2g
hf f
L V2
D 2g
e
8F (Re, D )
Darcy-Weisbach Eq.
f 8F (Re,
e
)
D
Friction factor
dy
2 ds
dV
dr
r dh
2 ds
r dh
dr
2 ds
dV
dy
dV
dr
dV
V
r 2 dh
C 0
4 ds
r 2 dh
C
4 ds
r
r 2 dh
1
V 0
r
4 ds
0
V Vmax 1
r
dh ( r 2 r02 ) 2
4 ds
2
r04 dh
8 ds
D 4 dh
128 ds
V
Q
A
D 2 dh
32 ds
r0
0
hf
32 LV
D 2
hf
32 LV
D 2
32 LV V 2 / 2
D 2 V 2 / 2
L
64(
)( ) V 2 / 2
V D D
64 L
( ) V 2 / 2
Re D
hf f
L V 2
D 2
64
Re
Ex. (10.8)
Given: Kerosene (S=0.94, =0.048 N-s/m2).
Horizontal 5-cm pipe. Q=2x10-3 m3/s.
Find: Pressure drop per 10 m of pipe.
Solution:
V2 p
V2 p
1 1 1 z1 hL 2 2 2 z 2
2g
2g
32 LV
hL
D 2
0 0 0.5
32 LV
V22
2
00
2g
D 2
2 2 32 L
V2
V 0.5 0
2g
D 2
2 2
32 * 4 * 10 5 * 10
V2
V 0.5 0
2g
0.8 * 62.4 * (1 / 32) 2
V22 8.45V 16.1 0
V 1.60 ft / s
0.8 * 1.94 * 1.6 * (0.25 / 12)
Re
1293 (laminar)
4 * 10 5
Q V * A 1.6 * * (0.25/12) 2 / 4 1.23 * 10 3 cfs
Ex. (10.34)
Given: Glycerin@ 20oC flows commercial
steel pipe.
Find: h
Solution: 12,300 N / m, 0.62 Ns / m 2
V2 p
V2 p
1 1 1 z1 hL 2 2 2 z 2
2g
2g
p1
p
z1 hL 2 z 2
p
p
h 1 z1 ( 2 z 2 ) hL
VD VD 0.6 * 0.02
Re
23.5 (laminar)
5.1 * 10 4
32 LV 32(0.62)(1)(0.6)
h h L
2.42 m
D 2
12,300 * (0.02) 2
Ex. (10.43)
Given: Figure
Find: Estimate the elevation required in the upper
reservoir to produce a water discharge of 10 cfs
in the system. What is the minimum pressure in
the pipeline and what is the pressure there?
Solution:
V2 p
V2 p
1 1 1 z1 hL 2 2 2 z 2
2g
2g
0 0 z1 hL 0 0 z 2
V2 p
V2 p
1 1 1 z1 hL b b b zb
2g
2g
V2 p
0 0 z1 hL 1 * b b zb
2g
L V2
hL K e 2 K b K E f
D 2g
L
430
0.025 *
10.75
D
1
Q
10
V
12.73 ft / s
A / 4 * 12
z1 100 0.5 2 * 0.4 1.0 10.75
12.732
133 ft
2 * 32.2
pb
V2
L V2
z1 zb b K e K b f
2g
D 2g
300 12.732
1 2 * 32.2
1.35 ft
pb 62.4 * ( 1.53) 0.59 psig
Re
VD
12.73 * 1
9 * 105
5
1.14 * 10
Ex. (10.68)
Given: Commercial steel pipe to carry 300 cfs of
water at 60oF with a head loss of 1 ft per 1000 ft
of pipe. Assume pipe sizes are available in
even sizes when the diameters are expressed in
inches (i.e., 10 in, 12 in, etc.).
Find: Diameter.
Solution: 1.22 x10 5 ft 2 / s; k 1.5 x10 4 ft
4
Relative roughness: k s 1.5 x10 0.00002
D
8.06
Assume f = 0.015
hf f
L V2
D 2g
1000 (Q /( / 4) D 2 ) 2
1 0.015 *
D
2g
33,984
1
D5
D 8.06 ft
VD
( / 4) D 2
Re
Q
( / 4) D
300
( / 4)(8.06)1.22 x10
f=0.010
1
22,656
D5
D 7.43 ft 89 in.
Use a 90 in pipe
3.9 x106
Ex. (10.81)
Given: The pressure at a water main is 300 kPa
gage. What size pipe is needed to carry water
from the main at a rate of 0.025 m3/s to a
factory that is 140 m from the main? Assume
galvanized-steel pipe is to be used and that the
pressure required at the factory is 60 kPa gage
at a point 10 m above the main connection.
Find: Size of pipe.
Solution:
hf f
L V2
L (Q /( / 4) D 2 ) 2
f
D 2g
D
2g
fL Q 2
D 8
h f 2g
Assume f = 0.020
fL Q 2
8
h f 2 g
1/ 5
1/ 5
0.100 m
Relative roughness:
k s 0.15
0.0015
D 100
Friction factor:
f 0.022
1/ 5
V2 p
V2 p
1 1 1 z1 hL 2 2 2 z2
2g
2g
300,000
60,000
hf
10
9810
9810
h f 14.45 m
0.022
D 0.100
0.020
Use 12 cm pipe
1/ 5
0.102 m
Ex. (10.83)
Given: The 10-cm galvanized-steel pipe is 1000 m
long and discharges water into the atmosphere.
The pipeline has an open globe valve and 4
threaded elbows; h1=3 m and h2 = 15 m.
Find: What is the discharge, and what is the
pressure at A, the midpoint of the line?
Solution:
V12 p1
V22 p2
1
z1 hL 2
z2
2g
2g
0 0 12 (1 K e K v 4 K b f
L V2
)
00
D 2g
1000 2
)V
0.1
24 g
V2
265.1
V 0.942 m / s
Q VA 0.942( / 4)(0.10) 2 0.0074 m 3 / s
VD 0.942 * 0.1
Re
7 x104
6
1.31x10
So f = 0.025
V2 p
V2 p
A A A z A h L 2 2 2 z 2
2g
2g
pA
L V2
15 ( 2 K b f )
D 2g
pA
500 (0.942) 2
( 2 * 0.9 0.025
)
15 9.6 m
0.1
2g
p A 9810 * ( 9.26) 90.8 kPa
Ex. (10.95)
Given: If the deluge through the system shown is 2
cfs, what horsepower is the pump supplying to
the water? The 4 bends have a radius of 12 in
and the 6-in pipe is smooth.
Find: Horsepower
Solution:
V2 p
V2 p
1 1 1 z1 h p 2 2 2 z2 hL
2g
2g
V2
L
0 0 30 h p 0 60 2 (1 0.5 4 K b f )
2g
D
Q
2
V
10.18 ft / s
A ( / 4)(1 / 2) 2
V22
1.611 ft
2g
VD 10.18 * (1 / 2)
Re
4.17 x105
1.22 x10
So f = 0.0135
h p 60 30 1.611(1 0.5 4 * 0.19 0.0135
107.6 ft
Qh p
p
24.4 hp
550
1700
)
(1 / 2)