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INTRODUCTION TO
GEOLOGY
1
COURSE
OUT
COM
ES
(CO)
LEARNING
OUT
COM
ES
(LO)
LO1 : The student should
understand the
definition of
geology.
WHAT IS GEOLOGY????
a)
b)
ACTIVITY 1
In pairs, discuss why
geology is important?
1.1
PRINCIPLE
DIVISIONS
OF THE EARTH
7
THE
EXPANDING
UNIVERSE
8
9 PLANETS
SOLAR
SYSTEM
CONSIST OF
10
Pluto
Mars
SUN
Neptune
Earth
Mercury
Venus
Uranus
Saturn
Jupiter
11
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
Jupiter
Mars
Earth
Venus
Mercury
12
CONT
Pluto???
Not included in either category
TWO GROUPS OF
PLANET
13
MASS
DENSITY
14
CONT
16
ATMOSPHERE
MAJOR
4 SPHERES
BIOSPHERE
17
GEOSPHERE
18
19
20
GEOSPHERE
CONSIST OF THREE MAJOR
LAYERS
21
22
THE CORE
composed mainly of iron and nickel,
heated to 6000C, about as hot as the surface of the Sun.
THE MANTLE
surrounds the core and lies beneath the crust.
THE CRUST
Earths outermost layer, consists of two types.
25
CONT
Earth can be divided into five main layers based
on physical properties and hence mechanical strength
LITOSPHERE
ASTHENOSPHERE
MESOSPHERE
INNER CORE
OUTER CORE
26
27
LITOSPHERE
Earths outermost layer consists of the crust
and uppermost mantle and forms a relatively
cool, rigid shell.
ASTHENOSPHERE
30
31
32
1.2 GEOLOGICAL
PROCESSES
33
34
7 MAJOR
LITHOSPHERIC
PLATES
PACIFIC PLATE
AFRICAN PLATE
EURASIAN PLATE
AUSTRALIAN-INDIAN PLATE
ANTARTIC PLATE
35
CONT..
Lithospheric plates move relative to each other at a very slow
but continuous rate that averages about 5 centimeters
(2 inches) per year.
Cont.
Each plate is bounded by a combination
of these three types of plate margins.
For example, the Juan de Fuca plate has a divergent zone on the west,
a convergent boundary on the east, and numerous transform faults,
which offset segments of the oceanic ridge.
37
DIVERGENCE BOUNDARIES
(CONSTRUCTIVE MARGINS)
Most divergent (di = apart, vergere = to move) boundaries
are located along the crest of oceanic ridges and
can be thought of as constructive plate margins
since this is where new oceanic lithosphere is generated.
As the plates move away from the ridge axis, the fractures that
form are filled with molten rock that wells up from the hot mantle below.
As spreading continues, an
oceanic ridge system
forms, and an ocean
basin develop and
grow.
CONVERGENCE BOUNDARIES
(DESTRUCTIVE MARGINS)
To balance the addition of newly created lithosphere,
older portions of oceanic lithosphere descend into the mantle along convergent
(con = together, verger = to move) boundaries.
45
CONTINENTALCONTINENTA
L PLATE
BOUNDARY
OCEANIC-CONTINENTAL
PLATE BOUNDARY
46
5 MINUTES BREAK
2
PRO
CES
S
DEGRADATION
the erosion
results from
weathering of rock by
water, air and ice.
AGGRADATION
-deposition result in
accumulation of
sediment and
ultimate building
up of rock strata.
57
VOLCANO
ERUPTION
64
CINDER CONE
SHIELD VOLCANO
STRATOVOLCANO /
COMPOSITE VOLCANO
LAVA DOME /
VOLCANIC DOME
CALDERA
65
1) CINDER CONE
2) SHIELD VOLCANO
3)STRATOVOLCANO / COMPOSITE
VOLCANO
Cross section of
stratovolcano
5 MINUTES BREAK
1.3 GEOLOGICAL
TIME SCALE
78
TIME SCALE
2 TERMS
RELATIVE DATING
NUMERICAL / ABSOLUTE
DATING
Rock dating
techniques
developed during the
twentieth
century, based on the constant
decay of radioactive
elements. The
GEOLOGIC PRINCIPLE)
3 TYPESOF UNCONFORMITIES
81
Although most of the isotopes of the 92 naturally occurring elements are stable,
some are radioactive and spontaneously decay to other more stable isotopes
of elements, releasing energy in the process.
Radioactivity produces heat, Earths internal heat that did not rely
on residual cooling from a molten magma can be explain.
82