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Overview of Electrical
Engineering
Lecture 2:
Lecture 2:
Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields;
Maxwells Equations; Electromagnetic
Fields in Materials; Phasor Concepts;
Electrostatics: Coulombs Law, Electric
Field, Discrete and Continuous Charge
Distributions; Electrostatic Potential
1
Lecture 2 Objectives
Lecture 2
Introduction to
Electromagnetic Fields
Lecture 2
Introduction to
Electromagnetic Fields
Fundamental laws of
classical electromagnetics
Special
cases
Electrostatics
Statics:
Maxwells
equations
Magnetostatics
0
t
Input from
other
disciplines
Geometric
Optics
Transmission
Line
Theory
Circuit
Theory
Electromagnetic
waves
Kirchoffs
Laws
Lecture 2
Introduction to
Electromagnetic Fields
Lecture 2
Introduction to
Electromagnetic Fields
High-speed, high-density digital circuits:
2
Lecture 2
Introduction to
Electromagnetic Fields
v1(t), V
2
1
0
10
20
30
40
60
70
80
90
100
v2(t), V
50
t (ns)
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
t (ns)
60
70
80
90
100
10
20
30
40
50
t (ns)
60
70
80
90
100
v3(t), V
Propagation
delay
Electromagnetic
coupling
Substrate modes
1
0
Lecture 2
Introduction to
Electromagnetic Fields
When an event in one place has
an effect on something at a
different location, we talk about
the events as being connected by
a field.
A field is a spatial distribution of a
quantity; in general, it can be
either scalar or vector in nature.
Lecture 2
Introduction to
Electromagnetic Fields
Lecture 2
Introduction to
Electromagnetic Fields
Lecture 2
Introduction to
Electromagnetic Fields
11
Lecture 2
Introduction to
Electromagnetic Fields
Universal constants in
electromagnetics:
Permeability of free7space
0 4 10 H/m
0 8.854 10
F/m
0 120
12
Lecture 2
Introduction to
Electromagnetic Fields
1
0 0
0
0
0
In free space:
B 0 H
D 0 E
13
Lecture 2
Introduction to
Electromagnetic Fields
sources
Ji, Ki
fields
E, H
Obtained
by assumption
from solution to IE
Solution to
Maxwells equations
Observable
quantities
14
Lecture 2
Maxwells Equations
Lecture 2
Maxwells Equations
Various equivalence principles
consistent with Maxwells
equations allow us to replace
more complicated electric current
and charge distributions with
equivalent magnetic sources.
These equivalent magnetic sources can
be treated by a generalization of
Maxwells equations.
16
Lecture 2
d
C E d l dt S B d S S K c d S S K i d S
d
C H d l dt S D d S S J c d S S J i d S
DdS q
S
BdS q
S
ev
dv
mv
dv
17
d
s
q
dv
ev
S
t V
d
s
q
dv
mv
S
t V
18
The continuity
equations are
implicit in
Maxwells
equations.
Lecture 2
dS
S
V
dS
19
volume V bounded by
closed surface S
dS in direction outward
from V
Lecture 2
20
Lecture 2
21
Lecture 2
Sources of EM field:
Ki, Ji, qev, qmv
Responses to EM field:
E, H, D, B, Jc, Kc
22
Lecture 2
B
E
Kc Ki
t
D
H
Jc Ji
t
D qev
B qmv
23
Lecture 2
qev
J
t
qmv
K
t
24
The continuity
equations are
implicit in
Maxwells
equations.
Lecture 2
Electromagnetic
Boundary Conditions
Region 1
Region 2
25
Lecture 2
Electromagnetic
Boundary Conditions
n E1 E 2 K S
n H1 H 2 J S
n D1 D 2 qes
n B1 B 2 qms
26
Lecture 2
- V/m
Js - A/m
qes - C/m2
Ks
qms
- W/m2
27
Lecture 2
Electromagnetic Fields
in Materials
Lecture 2
Electromagnetic Fields
in Materials
D D( E , H )
B B( E , H )
J c J c ( E, H )
K c K c (E, H )
29
Lecture 2
Electromagnetic Fields
in Materials
D 0 E
B 0 H
Jc 0
Kc 0
30
Lecture 2
Electromagnetic Fields
in Materials
D E
B H
Jc E
Kc m H
31
Electromagnetic Fields in
Materials
= permittivity = r0 (F/m)
= permeability = r0 (H/m)
= electric conductivity = r0 (S/m)
m = magnetic conductivity = r0 (/m)
32
Lecture 2
Phasor Representation of
a Time-Harmonic Field
phasor
A cos t Ae
time domain
33
frequency domain
Lecture 2
Phasor Representation of
a Time-Harmonic Field
Lecture 2
Phasor Representation of
a Time-Harmonic Field
e
j t
LTI
H j e
j t
Lecture 2
Phasor Representation of
a Time-Harmonic Field
36
j ( r )
Lecture 2
Phasor Representation of
a Time-Harmonic Field
E r , t Re E r e
37
jt
Lecture 2
Phasor Representation of
a Time-Harmonic Field
t
38
j E r
Lecture 2
Time-Harmonic
Maxwells Equations
Lecture 2
Maxwells Equations in
Differential Form for TimeHarmonic Fields
E j B K c K i
H j D J c J i
D qev
B qmv
40
Lecture 2
E j m H K i
H j E J i
qev
E
qmv
H
41
Lecture 2
Special
cases
Electrostatics
Statics:
Maxwells
equations
Magnetostatics
0
t
Input from
other
disciplines
Geometric
Optics
Transmission
Line
Theory
Circuit
Theory
42
Electromagnetic
waves
Kirchoffs
Laws
Lecture 2
Electrostatics
Electrostatics is the branch of
electromagnetics dealing with
the effects of electric charges
at rest.
The fundamental law of
electrostatics is Coulombs law.
43
Lecture 2
Electric Charge
Lecture 2
Electric Charge
Lecture 2
Electric Charge
Lecture 2
Coulombs Law
Lecture 2
Q1
Coulombs Law
r 12
Q2
F 12
Unit vector in
direction of R12
F 12 a R12
Force due to Q1
acting on Q2
48
Q1 Q2
2
4 0 r12
Lecture 2
Coulombs Law
F 21 F 12
49
Lecture 2
Electric Field
Consider a point
charge Q placed at
the origin of a
coordinate system
in an otherwise
empty universe.
A test charge Qt
brought nearQQ
Qt
F Qt a r a force:
2
experiences
4 r
r
Q
50
Lecture 2
Qt
Electric Field
51
Qt
Lecture 2
Electric Field
The electric field describes the effect
of a stationary charge on other
charges and is an abstract action-ata-distance concept, very similar to
the concept of a gravity field.
The basic units of electric field are
newtons per coulomb.
In practice, we usually use volts per
meter.
52
Lecture 2
Electric Field
Q
Qr
E r a r
2
3
4 0 r
4 0 r
53
Lecture 2
Electric Field
4 0 R 3
where
R r r
R r r
O
54
R
r
Lecture 2
Electric Field
In electromagnetics, it is very popular
to describe the source in terms of
primed coordinates, and the observation
point in terms of unprimed coordinates.
As we shall see, for continuous source
distributions we shall need to
integrate over the source
coordinates.
55
Lecture 2
Electric Field
56
Lecture 2
Continuous Distributions
of Charge
57
Lecture 2
Continuous
Distributions of Charge
Qencl
qev r lim
V 0 V
58
Lecture 2
Continuous
Distributions of Charge
dV
Qencl
qev r dv R
d E r
4 0 R 3
59
Lecture 2
qev r R
1
E r
d
v
3
4 0 V R
60
Lecture 2
Continuous
Distributions of Charge
Qencl
qes r lim
S 0 S
61
Lecture 2
Continuous Distributions
of Charge
dS
Qencl
qes r ds R
d E r
4 0 R 3
62
Lecture 2
1
E r
4 0
63
qes r R
d
s
S R 3
Lecture 2
Continuous
Distributions of Charge
L Q
encl
Qencl
qel r lim
L0 L
64
Lecture 2
Continuous
Distributions of Charge
L Q
encl
qel r dl R
d E r
4 0 R 3
65
Lecture 2
1
E r
4 0
66
qel r R
d
l
L R 3
Lecture 2
Electrostatic Potential
An electric field is a force field.
If a body being acted on by a
force is moved from one point to
another, then work is done.
The concept of scalar electric
potential provides a measure of the
work done in moving charged
bodies in an electrostatic field.
67
Lecture 2
Electrostatic Potential
F
b
dl
Wa b F d l q E d l
68
Lecture 2
Electrostatic Potential
a
x
Wa b q E a x dx
5
69
Lecture 2
Electrostatic Potential
Lecture 2
Electrostatic Potential
Wa b
Vab
E d l
q
a
electrostatic potential difference
Units are volts.
71
Lecture 2
Electrostatic Potential
P0
P0
Vab E d l E d l E d l
E dl E dl
P0
P0
V b V a
72
Lecture 2
Electrostatic Potential
Thus the electrostatic potential V is a
scalar field that is defined at
every point in space.
In particular the value of the
electrostatic potential at any point P
P
is givenVby
r E dl
P0
73
reference point
Lecture 2
Electrostatic Potential
74
Lecture 2
Electrostatic Potential
and Electric Field
Wa b Q Vab QV b V a
b
Q E d l
a
75
Lecture 2
Electrostatic Potential
and Electric Field
W QV Q E l
or
V E l
76
Lecture 2
Electrostatic Potential
and Electric Field
dV E d l
dV V d l
77
Lecture 2
Electrostatic Potential
and Electric Field
Thus:
E V
the del or nabla operator
78
Lecture 2