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Chapter 6
Energy Equation and its Applications
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
INTI University College
(or)
c) Pressure Energy
After the fluid has flowed along the streamtube, section (AB) will have
moved to (AB)
( pA )(
p
m 1
)( )
A mg = g = Pressure energy/wt
Bernoullis equation
For steady flow of a frictionless fluid along a streamline, the total energy per
unit weight remains constant from point to point although its division
between the three forms of energy may vary:
Pressure Energy/Wt. + Kinetic Energy/Wt. + Potential Energy/Wt. =
Total Energy/Wt. = Constant (for frictionless fluid)
Pressure head + Velocity head + Elevation head = Total head
p
v2
z H
g 2g
(m)
In general, energy could have been lost by doing work against friction
or energy loss in a turbine or energy could have been gained by
having a pump.
p1 v12
p 2 v 22
z1
z 2 hf ht hp
g 2g
g 2g
p1 v12
p 2 v 22
z1
z 2 hf
g 2g
g 2g
p1 v12
p 2 v 22
z1
z 2 hf ht
g 2g
g 2g
p1 v12
p 2 v 22
z1 h p
z 2 hf
g 2g
g 2g
Example 6.1
Pitot Tube
Pitot Tube
The pitot tube is used to measure the velocity of a stream and consists of a
simple L-shaped tube facing into the oncoming flow
Velocity at A
u = 2gh
where C is the coefficient of the instrument
Venturi meter
Venturi meter
A2
p1 p 2
[
2
g
(
z1 z 2 )]
(A12 A 22 )1/ 2
g
Venturi meter
A1
( m 1)
2
] 2gH
(6.15)
Discharge Q [
A1
( m 2 1)
] [2gh(
man
1)]
(6.16)
Example 6.3
Discharge
Q[
A1
( m 1)
2
] [2gh(
man
1)]
(6.16)
Venturi meter
Q[
A1
( m 2 1)
] [2gh(
man
1)]
Venturi meter
Bourdon Gauge
Pipe Orifices
Discharge
Q[
A1
( m 1)
2
] 2gH
Q[
A1
( m 2 1)
] [2gh(
man
1)]
(6.15)
This is called Torricellis theorem, that the velocity of the issuing jet is
proportional to the square root of the head producing flow.
Discharge, Q = Area x Velocity = AV = A(2gH)
There are two reasons for the difference between the theoretical and
actual discharges.
(1) velocity of the jet V is less than 2gH because there is a loss of energy
between A and B:
Similarly, the actual area of the jet at the vena contracta can be measured,
coefficient of contraction, C c
In the same way, if the actual velocity of the jet at the vena contracta can
be found,
coefficient of velocity, C v
If the orifice is not in the bottom of the tank, one method of measuring the
actual velocity is to measure the velocity profile.
Equations of motion:
x = vt and y = gt2
Let t be the time taken for a fluid particle to travel from the vena contracta A to
the point B. Then
x = vt and y = gt2
v = x/t and t = (2y/g)0.5
Eliminating t,
Actual velocity of the jet (at the vena contracta), v actual = (gx2/2y).
Theoretical velocity of the jet, vtheo. = (2gH)
gx 2 / 2 y
Actual velocity
x2
Coefficient of velocity, C v
Theoretical velocity
4 yH
2gH
Velocity of flow will be greater at the bottom than at the top of the orifice opening.
Disch arg e, Q B 2g h 2 dh
H1
2
Disch arg e, Q B (2g) ( H 32 2 H13 2 )
3
2
Q
B ( 2g ) ( H 32 2 H 13 2 )
Theoretical discharge,
3
dh
h dh
A
dt dh
Q
A
A
dt
dh
h 1/ 2 dh
C d a 2gh
C d a 2g
dh
h - dh
If H1 and H2 are initial and final values of h, then the time required to empty
the reservoir is,
A
dt (
)h 1/ 2dh
Cd a 2g
H2
H1
2A
( H11/ 2 H12/ 2 )
Cd a 2g
Q 2g bh1/ 2 dh
0
Theoretical discharge,
Q 2g bh1/ 2 dh
0
Theoretical discharge
2
Q B (2g )H 3 / 2
3
(6.25)
2 g h1/ 2 dh
0
1/ 2
Theoretical discharge, Q 2g bh dh
0
For a V-notch with an included angle (Fig. b), put b = 2(H-h) tan/2 in
the equation,
H
Q 2 2g (tan / 2) ( H h )h1/ 2 dh
0
Theoretical discharge
2g (tan )H 5 / 2
15
2
(6.26)
Example 6.6
energy line
free surface
v2/2g
channel bed
weir
channel bed
x
h
x = h
(6.28)
Limits:
At the free surface, h = 0 and x = v2 /2g
At the sill level, h = H and x = H + v2 /2g
We have
Q = b 2g x1/2 x
2g
1/ 2
bx
dx
v 2 / 2 g
(6.28)
2g
1/ 2
bx
dx
v 2 / 2 g
where x = h + v2 /2g
v
Q B (2g) H 3 / 2 [(1
)3 / 2 (
)3 / 2 ]
3
2gH
2gH
(6.29)
v2/2g
energy line
H = 0.25 m
weir
0.2 m
1.2 m
Example 6.7
Example 6.7
If L is the length of the weir and H the head over sill, the Francis formula for
the discharge is,
Q = 1.84(L 0.1nH)H3/2
where n = number of end contractions.
H = p/g + v2/2g + z
If the weight per unit time of fluid flowing is known, the power of the
stream is,
Power = Energy/time = (Weight/time)(Energy/weight)
If Q is the volume rate of flow, weight /time = gQ
(6.30)
Example 6.8
z = 240 m
Q = 0.13 m3/s
Pelton wheel
Datum level
v = 66m/s
bucket
Example 6.8
a)
b)
c)
d)
The End