Why do we need frequency

assignment and spectrum

conservation
To note

V.impWhy do we need
frequency assignment and
spectrum conservation
To establish Harmonic functions among radio

devices
To prevent interference
To make our system compatible so that it can
withstand with the increasing demands
To design efficient spectrum

1. Frequency allocation and

frequency
assignment

Radio waves are not confined to national

boundaries ,hence to prevent interference the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
defines the use of each frequency band for
radio services.

1.1 Factors affecting FA

1.1.1)Frequency planning
1.1.2) Technical characteristics of transmitters
and receivers
Note: These factors are carefully considered in
the ITU and in the periodic meetings of World
Administrative Radio Conference (WARC) in
order to reach international level agreement
on the usage of frequency spectrum

Standards to be followed
during FA
Entire world has been divided into three regions hence some

standards are to be followed in order to establish world wide

interoperability

Standards to be followed by
member
countries
during
APPLICABLILITY TO THE REGULATIONS
FA
PUBLISHED IN ITU.
NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE
MINIMUM ESSENTIAL NO OF FREQUENCY AND

SPECTRUM SPACE

Standards to be followed by
member
countries
during
APPLICABLILITY TO THE REGULATIONS
FA
PUBLISHED IN ITU.
To note

Standards to be followed by
member
countries
during
NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE
FA
To note

Standards to be followed by
member
countries
during
Minimum essential no of frequency and
FA
spectrum space
To note

1.2 spectrum utilization

Utilization of radio frequency and efficient

planning of radio communication services

depends critically on:
1.2.1 radio propagation
1.2.2 Radio noise data

Parameters of spectrum
utilization

Utilization time
Bandwidth
Effective area

To note

Utilization time

Bandwidth
In order to avoid any interference among

channels proper BW to the channels should be

assigned
Let transmitter has a bandwidth Ft

Ft 2(f m f i )
f m
Where

f i

,
are the bandwidth occupied by
modulated signal on either side of a carrier center frequency
,and frequency instability respectively

Bandwidth (continued)
How can we have proper
Guard band concept
use of spectrum
without
To note
interference

V.Imp Effective area

To note

1.3 evaluation of spectrum

utilization
1.3.1) Spectrum utilization efficiency
1.3.2)Optimum communication system

1.3 evaluation of spectrum

utilization
1.3.1) Spectrum utilization efficiency
To note

1.3 evaluation of spectrum

utilization
1.3.2)Optimum communication system
To note

Condition for optimal

design
To note

2) Modulation
techniques
Modulation is the process by which
some characteristics of the carrier wave
(usually amplitude , frequency or phase)
is varied in accordance with the
modulating signal wave

2.1 Types of
modulation
2.1.1) Analog modulation
2.1.2)Digital modulation

Types of Analog
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Amplitude modulation is the process of varying the

amplitude of a carrier wave in proportion to the
amplitude of a baseband signal. The frequency of
the carrier remains constant
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Frequency modulation is the process of varying the
frequency of a carrier wave in proportion to the
amplitude of a baseband signal. The amplitude of
the carrier remains constant

Amplitude Modulation
Carrier wave

Baseband signal

Modulated wave
Amplitude varyingfrequency constant

The AM wave is the algebraic sum of the

carrier and upper and lower side

a)Intelligence or
modulating
signal.
b) Lower
sideband
c)Carrier.
d)Upper
sideband.
e)Composite AM
wave

Some Types of Digital Modulation

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

The most basic (binary) form of ASK involves the process of

switching the carrier either on or off, in correspondence to
a sequence of digital pulses that constitute the information
signal. One binary digit is represented by the presence of a
carrier, the other binary digit is represented by the
absence of a carrier. Frequency remains fixed
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

The most basic (binary) form of FSK involves the process of

varying the frequency of a carrier wave by choosing one of
two frequencies (binary FSK) in correspondence to a
sequence of digital pulses that constitute the information
signal. Two binary digits are represented by two
frequencies around the carrier frequency. Amplitude
remains fixed
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Amplitude Shift Keying

Digital
information

Carrier wave
ASK
modulated
signal

Carrier present

Carrier absent

Amplitude varyingfrequency constant

Frequency Shift Keying

1

Digital
information
Carrier 1
(frequency #1)
Carrier 2
(frequency #2)
FSK
modulated
signal
Frequency varyingamplitude constant

Phase shift keying

Time domain description of

Amplitude Modulation signal
To note

Numerical no 1 :
A modulating signal 20 cos(2*pi*t) is used to modulate a

carrier signal 50 cos (100*pi*t) find AM wave expression

for 75% modulation:

Numerical 2
The carrier wave is represented By equation

Ec(t)=10sin(2*pi*f*t),Draw waveform of AM
signal for modulation index 0.5.

Numerical no 3 :
A modulating signal 10 sin(2*pi*10^3t) is used to

modulate a carrier signal 20 sin(2*pi*(10^4)t)

Find Modulation index?
Find Percentage modulation?
Find Amplitude of each sideband?

Power relation in Amplitude

Modulation
To note

Numerical no 4:
A 10 kW carrier wave is amplitude modulated at 80%

depth of modulation by a sinusoidal modulating

signal,calculate :
sideband power,
total power
transmission efficiency

Numerical no 5 :
The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 10 AMP

when modulation index is 30% if current increases to 11

AMP what will be the modulation index due to second
wave?

Numerical no 6
An AM signal is generated by modulating the

carrier of frequency 800 KHz by the message

signal m(t)=sin(2000*pi*t)+5cos(4000*pi*t).The
AM signal is s(t)=100[1+m(t)]cos(2*pi*fc*t)

Determine and Draw the spectrum of the AM

signal
Determine the average power in the carrier and
in the sideband

Spectrum conservation
Spectrum management is a tool for achieving

optimum use of frequencies

Frequency Planning and conservation in
telecommunication is a complex mathematical
exercise.
The objective of frequency planning is to
ensure maximum radio communication
carrying capacity in a given frequency band
along with QOS in radio services consideration

Primary consideration of
radio services

To note

Parameters to be
considered
in
frequency
Co channel interference
assignment
Transmitter intermodulation interference
Receiver intermodulation interference
Adjacent channel interference
Interference from image, harmonic and

spurious frequencies
Threshold level

Parameters to be
considered
in
frequency
Co channel interference
assignment To note

Parameters to be
considered
in
frequency
Transmitter intermodulation interference
assignment To note

Parameters to be
considered
in
frequency
Receiver intermodulation interference
assignment To note

Parameters to be
considered
in
frequency
Adjacent channel interference
assignment To note

Parameters to be
considered
in
frequency
Interference from image, harmonic
assignment
spurious frequencies
To note

and

Spectrum conservation
methods

Minimization Of Objective Function

Graph Coloring
Linear Algebra Method For Grid Frequency
Assignment

Linear Algebra based

method
AIM:Translation of various EM interference
criteria into Physical distance constraints

Minimization Of Objective
Function

To note

Minimization Of Objective
Function
AIM:Instead of complete elimination of

interference an acceptable upper bound is

specified for interference

Key words of Minimization

techniques

Objective function is POTENTIAL

INTERFERENCE
Constraints are as follows :
1)operating BW used by group of transmitters
2)Frequencies used by group of transmitters
3)Acceptable upper bound on the interference

Note
The minimization approach results in a

considerable spectrum saving if and only if

interference limiting constraints are only co
channel constraints

Therefore spectrum saving tends to zero as

the ratio of adjacent channel to co-channel

constraints increases

Approaches of minimization
techniques

Frequency Distance and frequency

constrained optimization
F*D constrained channel assignment
Frequency constrained channel assignment

FREQUENCY DISTANCE
AND FREQUENCY
CONSTRAINED
OPTIMIZATION
To note

F*D constrained channel

assignment
TO note

Frequency constrained
channel assignment
To note

Graph coloring approach

To note