Globalization and

Justice

JOREN BANZON
MARK BELARMINO
SEAN NATIVIDAD

Globalization

Globalization is a process that encompasses the causes, course,

and consequences of transnational and transcultural integration
of human and non-human activities. Kellog Institute

Globalization refers to the growing interdependence of

countries resulting from the increasing integration of trade,
finance, people, and ideas in one global marketplace.- World
Bank

Globalization is the increased interconnectedness and

interdependence of people and countries-World Health
Organization

Globalization

The term globalization also includes change through the spread of ideas,
information and perceptions which lead to cultural and social changes-World
Health Organization
Integration of trade

Spread of ideas,
information and perceptions

changes

Cultural, economic,
technological, political, social

Globalization
The 7 Factors influencing Globalization:
(1) Historical

The trade routes were made over the years so that goods from one kingdom
or country moved to another. Example: Silk-route from east to west

(2) Economy

The cost of goods and values to the end user determine the movement of
goods and value addition.

(3) Resources and Markets

The natural resources like minerals, coal, oil, gas, human resources, water,
etc. make an important contribution in globalization.

Globalization
(4) Production Issues

Utilization of built up capacities of production, sluggishness in domestic market and over

production makes a manufacturing company look outward and go global. Example:
Development of overseas markets and manufacturing plants in autos, four wheelers and
two wheelers is a classical example.

(5) Political

The political issues of a country make globalization channelized as per political bosses.
The regional trade understandings or agreements determine the scope of globalization.

(6) Industrial Organization

The technological development in the areas of production, product mix and firms are
helping organizations to expand their operations. The hiring of services and procurement
of sub-assemblies and components has a strong influence in the globalization process.

Globalization
(7) Technologies

The stage of technology in a particular field gives rise to import

or export of products or services from or to the country. European
countries like England and Germany exported their chemical,
electrical, mechanical plants in 50s and 60s and exports high
tech (then) goods to under developed countries. Today India is
exporting computer / software related services to advanced
counties like UK, USA, etc.

Globalization
Results of Globalization

Economic change:

Trade liberalization, deregulation, expansion of the global market place

Political change:

Redistribution of power from states to interstate bodies and the growth of

global civil society

Social and cultural change

Adaptation of intercontinental practices and traditions

Technological change:

Including improved global telecommunications and transport links.

Globalization
Factors affected by Globalization

Globalization

Globalization is not new. A century and a half ago, Karl Marx

noted the inherent capitalist drive to nestle everywhere, settle
everywhere, establish connections everywhere.In place of the
old national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in
every direction, the universal interdependence of nations.

Social Justice

Promoting a just society by challenging injustice and valuing

diversity.

Exists when all people share a common humanity and have a:

Right to equitable treatment

Support for human rights

Fair allocation of community services

Equated with the notion of equality or equal opportunity in

society.

Social Justice

A general definition of social justice according to various

philosophical treatments are as follows:

Benefits and burdens in society are dispersed in accordance with

some allocation principle

Procedures, norms, and rules that govern political and other forms of
decision preserving basic rights, liberties and entitlements of
individuals or groups

Human beings are treated with dignity and respect not only by
authorities but also by other social actors such as fellow citizens

History of Social Justice

First surfaced in Western thought and political language in the

wake of the industrial revolution.

Emerged as:

an expression of protest against capitalist exploitation of labor.

Focal point for the development of measures to improve human

conditions.

Became a rallying cry for progressive thinkers and political

activists.

Justice
UN focusing on closing gap between developed and
underdeveloped countries

By 1960s, role of UN focused:

human rights and fundamental freedoms, development

progressive reduction and eventual closing of the gap between

developed and underdeveloped countries

Close to half of the regular budget and an equivalent proportion

of the staff of UN were mobilized in support of economic and
social development.

Political matters and development of intl law and human rights

were allocated less than 10% of the UNs human and financial
resources.

Justice
Reliance of underdeveloped countries to developed
countries

Developing countries started to rely for exports of primary

commodities and imports of manufactured goods.

Such developing countries are dependent of the developed

countries.

Strategies were devised for import substitution and, more

ambitiously, for economic and political self-reliance.

Rural development programmes were adopted to address the

rural-urban migration associated with traditional industrial
development and the consequent spread of urban slums.

Justice

Formation of initiatives for underdeveloped countries

The development of trade relations of underdeveloped countries

caused:

Developing countries to participate in world trade without full exposure to

the competition of advanced economic powers.

Such initiatives were not welcomed by the most powerful Western

countries.

International cooperation for development through UN continued.

It was generally acknowledged that the United Nations system

deserved some credit for

the decolonization process

contributing to the betterment of the human condition in a number of

developing countries.

Justice

Policies directly responsible for increased inequalities

Countries, such as US, that gave the global political agenda its shape
and orientations pursued domestic policies such as:

Tax restructuring.

Shifts in public expenditure.

Tax systems became less progressive; there was a shift in emphasis from direct to
indirect taxation, average income tax rates declined owing to cuts in the higherincome tax brackets, and corporate taxes and taxes on unearned income were
reduced.

Reduction in the share of public funds allocated to social problems such as:

Unemployment,

compensation and old-age pensions

resulting in diminished public transfers to low-income households.

Financial liberalization.

Deregulation provoked a shift in the distribution of national income in favour of

profits, revenues and rents derived from financial transactions, including
speculative transactions.

Justice

Shifts in the power and influence of different socioeconomic groups and classes and targeted efforts to
reduce the power and influence of trade unions.

This resulted to the following consequences:

workers were less able to challenge the decline in employment security

linked to the growing tendency of employers to maintain a flexible
labour force and thereby ensure market competitiveness

the right of workers to strike was effectively abolished

labour and minimum wage standards were disregarded in many contexts

governments and employers were able to substantially reduce the

proportion of national income going to labour.

Justice
Policies aimed at avoiding increased inequalities

Majority of Western European countries, the Republic of Korea,

and few Latin American countries managed to maintain/improve
the distribution of income at the domestic level.

The Governments of these countries did not pursue economic

and financial policies radically.

They did not seek economic independence and certainly did not
apply a new model of economic development instead they:

opened their economies further to foreign and transnational capital

and influence

privatized many public assets and public services

abandoned the idea that State authorities should maintain control

over industrial, investment, income, and even research policies.

Justice

These countries have succeeded in maintaining a rough balance

between the interests of big corporations and the interests of the
majority of the population.

Government actions have consistently reflected the conviction

that the interests of the general public supersede private
interests.

These countries have tried, with varying degrees of success, to

harmonize the requirements of social cohesion with the needs of
economic initiative and entrepreneurship.

References:

http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/globalization/7-factorsinfluencing-globalization-discussed/22639/

http://monthlyreview.org/2002/06/01/social-justice-andglobalization-are-they-compatible/

http://laboureconomics.wordpress.com/2012/05/14/causes-andeffects-of-globalization-6/

http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/ifsd/SocialJustice.pdf