School of Electrical Engineering

and Computer Science

Department of Electrical
Engineering

EE-260 : Electro-Mechanical Systems(EMS)

Lecture#17,18
4.1 A SIMPLE LOOP IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD
The torque induced in a current-carrying loop
234)
4.5 INDUCED TORQUE IN AC MACHINES
4.2 The rotating Magnetic Field
238)

(Page 230)
(Page
(Page 255)
(Page

Text Book: Chapter 04 (Stephen J. Chapman 4 th

Ed)
Instructor: Miss Neelma Naz
Class: BEE 4 C/D

4. The Motor Action

4.1: A Current-Carrying Loop in a Uniform
Magnetic Field
The torque induced in a current-carrying loop
4.5: Induced Torque in an AC Machine

Production of Induced Force on RaE

VI
EW
Current Carrying Wire
The force induced on the conductor is:
Flemings Right Hand Rule:
The thumb, forefinger, and middle finger
of the right hand are extended at right
angles to each other.

If the index finger of right hand

points in the direction of the vector l
and the middle finger points in the
direction of flux density vector B,
then the thumb points in the direction
of the resultant force F on the wire.

F i (l B)
F ilBSin

Direction of l defined to be in
the direction of current flow

1. The Torque Induced in a Current-Carrying Loop

(1/8)
Assume that the rotor loop is at
some arbitrary angle with respect
to the magnetic field, and current is
flowing in the loop
Torque will be induced on the wire loop
To determine the magnitude and direction of torque, first the force on
each segment of the loop is calculated:

rF sin

1. The Torque Induced in a Current-Carrying Loop

(2/8)

1. The Torque Induced in a Current-Carrying Loop

(3/8)

Segment ab: The direction of current is into

the page, while the magnetic field B points to
the right, the vector lxB points down. The
induced force and torque are:
F i (l B )
F ilB

down

F (r sin ab )
rilB sin ab clockwise

Segment bc: The direction of current is in

the plan of the page, while the magnetic
field B points to the right. The vector lxB
points into the page. The the induced force
and torque are:
F i (l B )
F ilB

into page

F (r sin bc )
0

1. The Torque Induced in a Current-Carrying Loop

(4/8)

Segment cd: The direction of current is out of the

page, while the magnetic field B points to the
right, the vector lxB points up. The induced force
and torque are:
F i (l B )
F ilB

up

F (r sin cd )
rilB sin cd clockwise

Segment da: The direction of current is in

the plan of the page, while the magnetic
field B points to the right. The quantity lxB
points out the page. Thus the induced force
and torque are:
F i (l B )
F ilB

out of page

F (r sin bc )
0
7

1. The Torque Induced in a Current-Carrying Loop

(5/8)
The total induced torque on the loop is the sum of the torques on
each of its side.
ab cd
ind ab bc cd da
ind 2rilB sin
ind rilB sin ab rilB sin cd
The resulting torque is shown as a
function of angle
The torque is maximum when the
plane of the loop is parallel to the
magnetic field
The torque is zero when the plane
of the loop is perpendicular to the
magnetic field
8

1. The Torque Induced in a Current-Carrying Loop

(6/8)

1. The Torque Induced in a Current-Carrying Loop

(7/8)
ind 2 rilB sin 2 rilBS sin

The equation can be alternatively expressed in terms of the

flux density produced due to current in the loop
If the current in the loop is as shown in the
figure , it will produce magnetic flux
density Bloop.
The magnitude of the flux density will be:
Bloop H
Bloop

i
l

Ni
l

Loop area is equal to 2rl

G
Bloop BS sin
ind ( 2rl )

G
ind A Bloop BS sin

ind kBloop BS sin

10

G
i ( ) Bloop

G depends upon the geometry of the loop

1. The Torque Induced in a Current-Carrying Loop

(8/8)
ind kBloop BS sin

k depends upon construction of the machine, Bs is the stator

magnetic field
The torque eq. can be expressed
as a cross product

ind

kBloop BS

The torque induced in the loop and also in general the torque in
any real ac machine depends on four factors:
1) The strength of the rotor magnetic field
2) The strength of the external magnetic field
3) The angle between the two magnetic fields
4) A constant representing the construction of the machine
(geometry).

11

2: Induced Torque in an AC Machine (1/4)

In ac machines, there are two magnetic fields:
- magnetic field from the rotor circuit (BR)
- magnetic field from the stator circuit (BS)
The interaction of the two magnetic fields produces torque in the
machine, just as two permanent magnets near each other will
experience a torque which causes them to line up
A simplified ac machine with a
sinusoidal stator flux distribution
that peaks in the upward direction
and a single coil of wire mounted
on the rotor

12

2: Induced Torque in an AC Machine (2/4)

Induced force and torque on
conductor 1 are:

F1 i l Bs ilBs sin
ind,1 = r F = rilBs sin
Induced force and torque on
conductor 2 are:

F2 i l Bs ilBs sin
ind,2 = r F = rilBs sin
The resultant torque is:

ind = ind,1 ind,2 = 2rilBs sin

22

2: Induced Torque in an AC Machine (3/4)

The current i flowing in the rotor coil produces a magnetic
field of its own. Direction of the peak of this magnetic field
is given by the right-hand rule
The angle between the peak of the stator flux density Bs
and the peak of the rotor magnetic filed BR is
The induced torque can be
expressed as:

ind = kB
R B

ind kBR BS sin

ccw

Q 180o
& sin sin(180o ) sin
ind kBR BS sin

ccw

14

2: Induced Torque in an AC Machine (4/4)

Alternative expression in terms of
BR and Bnet
ind = kB
R B

Bnet = BR + Bs
BS = Bnet - BR
ind = kB
R (B

- B )R

net

ind k (B
) - (B
k
R B net
R B )R

ind = k (B
)
R B net

ind kBR Bnet sin

The induced torque is a cross product of BR and Bnet.
Where is the angle between BR and Bnet

3: The Rotating Magnetic Field (1/7)

A rotating magnetic field induces three phase set of voltages in the three-phase
windings of a stator

What happens if three-phase set of voltages are applied to the three

windings of the stator?

Fundamental principle of ac machine operation

17

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3: The Rotating Magnetic Field (2/7)

How the stator magnetic field be made to rotate?
The fundamental principle of ac machine operation is that:
IF a 3-phase set of currents, each of equal magnitude and
differing in phase by 1200, flows in a 3-phase winding, then it will
produce a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude (1.5
times the peak value).

Conclusion
A SIMPLE LOOP IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD
(Page 230)

The torque induced in a current- carrying loop

(Page 234)
Induced Torque in an AC Machine (Page 255)
The rotating magnetic field (Page 238)

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