Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
S1
BASIC PRINCIPLES,
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
Engr Armando C. Emata
November 13, 2014
TOPIC OBJECTIVES
Pressure Kinetic Theory
What are manometers?
How do we measure pressure?
What is a gage pressure?
What is atmospheric pressure?
What is absolute pressure?
Solve sample problems on pressure.
Assignment for next meeting
P
Ay
By
B
Fig. 1/3
PRESSURE MANOMETERS
Manometers give a reading as the length of
Atmospheric
Pressure at V
Aacuum pressure at A
Fig. 1/3
PRESSURE MANOMETERS
If a length of column of liquid, of cross-
MEASURING PRESSURE
Absolute pressure
(p = p + gp )
+ pg
Atmospheric pressure
p
(p g= 0, p = p)
p g vacuum
p
Absolute pressure
P
Zero absolute or total vacuum
(p = p p
g )
(p = 0, pg = p)
GAGE PRESSURE
Open to atmosphere
hg
p = p + p )
pg
V
Ahg
Fg
p =
g ------ + ------- + --------A
A
A
ghg
ghg
p =
g h g = -------- = -------kv
k
GAGE PRESSURE
PROBLEM # 1:
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
As previously mentioned, a barometer is used
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
PROBLEM # 2:
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
The specific gravity (sp.gr) of a substance is the
HO
PROBLEM # 4:
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
PROBLEM # 4:
Solution:
p g= 9.5 kg/cm
h = 768 mm Hg
At standard conditions,
=HO1000 kg/m
p =Hg( )(h) = Hg
(sp.gr.)
( )(h)
HO
(13.6)[1000 kg/m)(0.768 m)= 1.04
kg
= ---------------------------------------cm
10,000 cm/m
-----
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
PROBLEM # 4:
Solution contd:
p = p g+ p = 1.04 + 9.5
p = 10.54 kg/cm
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
The absolute pressure, say psia, can be
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
Each term in (1-8) should, of course, be in the
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
In equation form,
p = h
where: h = hg h , the height of column of
liquid supported by absolute pressure p.
If the liquid used in the barometer is mercury,
the atmospheric pressure becomes,
p =
h = (sp.gr.)
( )(h)
Hg HO
HOg
(13.6)[62.4
lb/ft)(h
in)
= --------------------------------1728 in/ft
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
p = 0.491 h, lb/in
where: h = column of mercury in inches
then, p = g0.491 h g, lb/in
and, p = 0.491 h, lb/in
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
PROBLEM # 5:
1 newton
a = 1 m/s
1 slug
1 lbf
a = 1 ft/s
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
PROBLEM # 5:
Solution contd:
lbm
[1 kg m ][2.205 -----kgm
1 kgm = ----------------------------= 0.06853
lbm
slug
32.174 ------slug
1 m/s = [1 m/s][3.28 ft/m] = 3.28 ft/s
0.06853 slug
F, lbf
A = 3.28 ft/s
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
PROBLEM # 5:
Solution contd:
F =ma
------ = (0.06863 slug)[3.28 ft/s] = 0.2248 lb
f
k
1 newton = 0.2248 lb
1 lb = 4.4484 newtons
f
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
PROBLEM # 5:
Solution contd:
lb)[4.4484 N/lb][39.37 1n/m]
1 ----- lb=(1---------------------------------------in
in
N
1 ----- lb= 6895 ----m
in
N
p = [54.5lb-----] 6895
m ----375.78 kPa
lb
in
in
= 375,780Pa or
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
PROBLEM # 6:
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
PROBLEM # 6:
Solution:
(a) p = pg + p = 14.7 + 80 = 94.7 psia
80 psig
p = ------------ = 5.44 atmospheres
psia
14.7 ------atm
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
PROBLEM # 6:
Solution contd:
(b)
h g= 20 in. p = 0.491 h
h = 29.92 in.
p = (0.491)(9.92)
h
= 4.87 psia
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
PROBLEM # 6:
Solution contd:
(b)
pg
p = 14.7 psia
p = 10 psia
= 32,407 Pa (gage)
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
PROBLEM # 6:
Solution contd:
h = 29.92 + 15 = 44.92 in. Hg abs
(c)
h g= p
15=in0.491 h = (0.491)(44.92) = 22.06 p
(15)(760)
p = -------------= 381 torrs
g
29.92
h = 29.92=in[0.491 psi/in][15 in][6895 Pa/psi]
= 50,780 Pa (gage)
subject/section, date and write the problem statement. Please write legibly.
Non-compliance will mean non-acceptance of your assignment.