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Welcome to all of you

to world of TELECOM "by

Welcome to all of you


to world of TELECOM "by

Detailed Tropic discussed in this chapter


CW Testing
Model Tuning
Antenna
1. Isotropic Antenna
2. Dipole Antenna

RF Planning
1. Coverage planning
2. Capacity planning
3. Highway Planning
4. City planning
Planning Tool
Asset Planning Tool

Please introduce yourself as per guidelines below:


Name
Qualification
Professional Experience in years/months (if
applicable)
Name of the previous company (if applicable)
Tenure in previous company (if applicable)
Name of the Institute/University
Year of passing
What is your AIM in life
Expectations from this company
Expectations from this course

Decorum of the course to be maintained by:


Keeping your mobiles in Switched-off or Silent
mode.
Doing one discussion at a time.
Following the timings strictly as per schedule for
Breaks.
Making the course interactive by asking questions
and by giving suggestions.

INTRODUCTION TO RF
PLANNING

Designing a cellular system - particularly one that incorporates both Macro


cellular and Microcellular networks is a delicate balancing exercise.

The goal is to achieve optimum use of resources and maximum revenue


potential whilst maintaining a high level of system quality.

Full consideration must also be given to cost and spectrum allocation


limitations.

INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING

A properly planned system should


allow capacity to be added
economically when traffic demand
increases.

As every urban environment is


different, so is every macro cell
and micro cell network. Hence
accurate planning is essential in
order to ensure that the system
will provide both the increased
capacity and the improvement in
network quality where required,
especially when deploying
Microcellular systems.

INTRODUCTION TO RF
PLANNING

RF planning plays a critical role in the Cellular design process.

By doing a proper RF Planning by keeping the future growth plan in mind we


can reduce a lot of problems that we may encounter in the future and also
reduce substantially the cost of optimization.

On the other hand a poorly planned network not only leads to many Network
problems but it also increases the optimization costs and still may not ensure
the desired quality.

INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING

The high level life cycle of the RF network planning process can be
summarised as follows :-

To help the operator


to identify their RF
design requirement
Optional

Comparative
Analysis

Discuss and agree RF


design parameters,
assumptions and
objectives with the
customer

RF Design
requirement

Coverage requirement
Traffic requirement
Various level of design
(ROM to detail RF
design)

RF Design

Site
Realization

RF Design
Implementation

Issuing of search ring


Cand. assessment
Site survey, design,
approval
Drive test (optional)

Frequency plan
Neighbour list
RF OMC data
Optimisation

INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING

This is an optional step

This is intended to : Help an existing operator in building/expanding their network


Help a new operator in identifying their RF network requirement,
e.g. where their network should be built

For the comparative analysis, we would need to : Identify all network that are competitors to the customer
Design drive routes that take in the high density traffic areas of
interest
Include areas where the customer has no or poor service and the
competitors have service

INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING

The result of the analysis should include :-

For an existing operator


All problems encountered in the customers network
All areas where the customer has no service and a competitor
does
Recommendations for solving any coverage and quality problems

For a new operator


Strengths and weaknesses in the competitors network
Problem encountered in the competitors network

INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING

The RF design inputs can be divided into : Coverage requirements


Target coverage areas
Service types for the target coverage areas. These should be
marked geographically
Coverage area probability
Penetration Loss of buildings and in-cars
Capacity requirements
Erlang per subscriber during the busy hour
Quality of service for the air interface, in terms GoS
Network capacity
Growth plan - Coverage and Capacity

INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
Available spectrum and frequency usage restriction, if any
List of available, existing and/or friendly sites that should be
included in the RF design
Limitation of the quantity of sites and radios, if any
Quality of Network (C/I values)
Related network features (FH, DTX, etc.)

INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING

RF Network Design

There are 2 parts to the RF network design to meet the : Capacity requirement
Coverage requirement

For the RF Coverage Design

CW Drive
Testing

Propagation
Model

Digitized
Databases

RF
Coverage
Design

Customer
Requirements

Link
Budget

TOOLS USED FOR RF


PLANNING

Network Planning Tool

CW Propagation Tool

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W.


TESTING

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

INTRODUCTION
Drive test types

Predesign drive test

Post design drive test

Predesign drive test for measurement integration

This is at beginning of design when no site has been built or even selected.
All test sites are temporary.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

Drive test is performed mostly for characterization of propagation


and fading effects in the channel. The object is to collect field data to
optimize and adjust the prediction model for preliminary
simulations.

Post design drive test for site verification / optimization

Drive test is performed to verify if they meet the coverage objectives.

Overlaps are checked for hand-offs.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

INTRODUCTION

In field measurement we have to collect variations due to propagation and


slow fading.
The received signals are typically sampled and averaged over spatial
windows called bins.
There are several sampling issues to be considered like
Sampling rate
Averaging window
Number of bins to be measured

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING


SAMPLING CRITEREA

When measuring the RF signal strength certain sampling criteria must be met
to eliminate the short-term fading components from the long-term component
( I.e. log normal fading )

The RF signal strength measurements must be taken over a radio path or mobile
path distance interval of 40, where is the wavelength of the RF signal.

If the distance interval is too short, the short term variation cannot be smoothed
out and will affect the local mean.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

If the distance interval is too long, the averaged output cannot


represent the local mean since it washes out the detailed signal
changes due to the terrain variations.

The number of RF measurements taken within the 40 distance


should be greater than 50.

Depending on the speed of the vehicle during the drive test, the
sampling interval in time is selected.

Measurements have to be stopped whenever the vehicle is not


moving.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING


SAMPLING CRITEREA

If

f = 1900MHZ, then
= 3 * 108 / 1900 * 106
= 0.158 m
40 = 40 * 0.158
= 6.32 m
50 measurements must be recorded every 6.32m or 1 measurement every
0.1264m
The conversion from sampling distance to mobile velocity can be done as follows
minimum sampling rate ( per second ) = v / (0.1264 m/sample)
If velocity of vehicle is 50 kph then
Sampling rate( per second ) = (50000/ 3600) / 0.1264
= 110 samples / sec
TEMS kit cannot be used for this purpose as it can report RF signal strength
measurements at a maximum rate of 1 sample per second

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING


WINDOW SIZE

In field measurements the interest is on local averages of received signals.

The size of averaging window have to be small enough to capture slow


variations due to shadowing and large enough to average out the fast
variations due to multipath.

A typical range is 20 to 1500 m.

The bin size is typically selected in 40 to 1500m, i.e. all measurements in this
size square are averaged to one value.

Normally the post processing tool takes care of averaging the collected data
over different bins.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING


NUMBER OF
BINS
Bin

The predicted and measured signal strengths for all bins within the drive route
is compared and the best set of correction factors to minimize the prediction
errors is determined.
All the bins within the coverage area cannot be drive tested. So a large enough
sample set should be considered.
The more the number of bins, the larger the confidence level of results.
Generally for acceptable confidence at least 300 to 400 bins have to be
considered.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING


PROPAGATION KIT
The propagation test kit consists of
Test transmitter.
Antenna ( generally Omni ).
Receiver to scan the RSS (Received signal levels). The receiver scanning rate
should be settable so that it satisfies Lees law.
A laptop to collect data.
A GPS to get latitude and longitude.
Cables and accessories.
Wattmeter to check VSWR.
Receiver Antenna
Transmit Antenna

Transmitter

GPS Antenna

RECEIVER LAPTOP

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING


The propagation test kit consists of

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING


TRANSMITTER SETUP

If the propagation test is being done for model tuning to produce a generic
model for macro cells, then a high point in the particular area has to be
selected.
The transmitter and the transmit antenna will be placed at this point (say the
roof of the building ).
The transmit antenna is connected to the transmitter via a RF cable.
Check to see that the cable is connected properly and tight.
Loosely connected or faulty cable can increase the VSWR.
A test frequency has to selected from the frequency band allocated to the
operator. Set the transmitter to this test frequency.

TEST
TRANSMITTER

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING


TEST SITE SELECTION
Site selection is based on a number of criteria. It may not be possible to satisfy
all these criteria at the same time, but it is important to select the best sites
available.

Drive test sites should be selected to give a good representative sample of the
system coverage area. The exact number of sites required will depend on the size
of the system coverage area and the variability of the characteristics of the
coverage area.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

All terrain and clutter types in the area should be represented in the
drive test data for proper prediction tuning.

Typical terrain types are: Flat, Rolling Hills, Large Hills, Mountains
Typical clutter types are: Water, Open Land, Forest, Commercial /
Industrial, Low Density Urban, Medium Density Urban, High
Density Urban, City Center, Airport.

City maps, topographical maps and aerial photographs can be useful


in determining the terrain and clutter types for an area. It may also
be necessary to drive the area and observe building types and
density.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING


TEST SITE SELECTION
Site Availability

Test sites must be available for use during the drive test.

The site owner/supervisor should approve access to the site for as long as
needed to complete the testing. This may involve multiple visits to the site,
possibly on short notice.

Test sites must also be physically accessible to allow setup of the transmitter
equipment and mounting of the antenna. For this reason building top sites are
preferred to tower sites.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING


Site Visit

Each site selected should be visited before testing to verify that is


suitable for use.

The inspection should be done by the same people who will be doing
the site setup for the actual drive test. Familiarity with the site
should speed up the site setup during the drive test.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING


BUILDING SITE SELECTION

When inspecting a building site the rooftop should be checked for any obstructions
that would interfere with signal propagation. This could include objects on the
rooftop itself or other nearby buildings or structures.
The antenna location should be selected and a sketch of the rooftop made to
identify this location relative to other objects nearby.
Photographs should be taken of the location where the antenna will be mounted
and in all directions looking away from the site.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING


BUILDING SITE SELECTION

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING


TOWER SITE SELECTION

When inspecting a tower site the best location to mount the antenna to the
tower must be deter-mined.
This should be selected such that the tower doesnt interfere with the
propagation pattern of the transmit antenna. This will usually require that the
antenna be above the tower or on an arm extending from the side of the tower.
The area around the tower should be checked for any obstructions that would
interfere with signal propagation.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING


TEMPORARY STRUCTURE

Generally cranes are used for temporary structure.


When cranes are used power generators have to be arranged in
advance.
The location should be selected such that the antenna will be above
any nearby obstacles.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING


TEMPORARY STRUCTURE

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING


DRIVE TEST PLAN

Each drive route should be marked on a detailed


road map showing the exact route to be driven.

These maps should be used during the actual


drive for navigation of the test vehicle.

They can also be used during the drive test

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

verification to check that the positioning information in the drive


test file is correct.

A separate map should be prepared for each route.

Both line of site (LOS) and non-LOS points have to be included in


the drive test.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

The data collected should represent typical coverage scenarios.

In urban area the effect of street orientations have to be considered.

The selection of drive test route should be based on the terrain


variations, Major highways and throughfares, potential shadowing
areas and handoff region.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING


DRIVE TEST PROCEDURE

The actual dive test must be performed carefully to insure that the data
collected is accurate.

It is important that all equipment used be tested and all setup


information be recorded.

If any of the procedures are not followed or any of the data is not
properly recorded then the drive test data will not be usable and the
drive will have to be repeated.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

Engineer should study the drive test plan ahead of time and
highlight the intended drive test routes.

For each drive test a team of two people should get involved.

The measurement process should be stopped the car stops ( eg near


traffic lights) or whenever the sampling and measurements look
suspect.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING


DRIVE TEST OUTPUT

Lat

Long

RSSI

Freq

X1

Y1

M1

X2

Y2

M2

X3

Y3

M3

The result of drive test is a collection of data files which has lat, long,
Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) at that point and the
frequency.
The location information ( lat, long ) is used by the post processing tools
as a reference of correlation between the measured vs. predicted signal
levels for measurement integration.
This file has to be transferred onto the planning tool either by a floppy or
by data transfer using LAN.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING


DRIVE TESTOUTPUT

Model Tunning

Model Tunning
Model Tuning On Asset version 6.1

Model Tunning
Model Tunning
Models are used to predict path loss.
Different models are used for different purpose. Eg:- Rural Macro-cell
-Okumura hata model, Micro cells - Ray tracing
Models have to be tuned using data collected by drive testing.
Good propagation tool + Sound engineering ingenuity = Sound RF
design.
Some of the popular prediction models are Okumura hata, Walfisch
Ikegemi, COST231, Ray tracing etc.

Model Tunning
Okumura Hata Model
This is used for Macro cell modeling.

It has become the most popular propagation model for mobile


environments.

It is best applicable for cell ranges of 5 to 20 kms.

Model Tunning

Below a range of 1 km it becomes very unreliable since obstacles in


the close vicinity of receiver and transmitter become the dominant
scattering influences which are not taken into account in the
formula.

Path loss = K1 + K2log(d) + K3log(Heff) + K4 * Diff + K5log(Heff)log(d)


+ K6log(Hmeff) +K7log(f) + Kmorphology

Model Tunning

K1 - 1Km intercept value. Upto this point model assumes free space
loss
K2 - Slope value

K3 - Effective height coefficient

K4 - Coefficient for diffraction calculation

K5 - Hata model multiplier

K6 - Multiplier for mobile height

K7 - factor for frequency

Model Tunning

model has four main parameters:


Building separation (in meters) (b) : It is the distance between the
centre of two buildings.

Average building height (h) : This is the average height of all


buildings in the cells coverage area.

Road width (w)


Road orientation angle ( )

Model Tunning
d

h
w
b

Walfish Ikegami Model

Model Tunning
MODEL TUNING

Propagation models use clutter and terrain data to predict cell


coverage at a site. However usually the terrain and clutter data
available from the maps are not perfect.

This means that the actual cell coverage could be different from the
predicted cell coverage. This could in turn result in wrong cell
designing.

To avoid this model tuning is done.

Model Tunning

In model tuning data collected from the propagation test is loaded


on the planning tool.

This data represents the real life condition cell coverage.

The prediction for that cell is then done using the same conditions
as were for the propagation tests (i.e. using the same antenna type,
same height of the antenna at the site, same downtilts, same
transmit power etc.

Model Tunning
MODEL TUNING

Ideally both the propagation test cell coverage and the predicted cell
coverage should match.

If they match then the model does not require to be tuned.

If the models do not match then the certain parameters in the


propagation model equation are altered so that they both match.

Model Tunning

Once both the cell coverage match the model is then said to be
tuned.

Now the actual antenna type, height of antenna, transmit power are
used and prediction done.

This prediction can then be assumed to be correct.

Cell designing is then done using this prediction.

Model Tunning
MODEL TUNING

Ideally model tuning needs to be done for all the sites.

However in many cases , the Network is divided into different clutter


types (around 7 to 8) (e.g. urban, dense urban, semi urban, rural etc.)
and models are tuned for each clutter types.

The sites are then categorized in these clutter types and then fitted in
the model tuned for that clutter type.

This method though not perfect is widely accepted and saves lot of time
and money for the operator.

You must have an existing project with map data


and with CW sites. In the below mentioned slide
there are total three sites for tuning.

Import the antenna file and see


the pattern of Omni antenna.

Make the Feeder cable


from Equipment > Click on Feeder

Right click on the specific project


> click New Feeder

Give feeder Name (Say XYZ) in


Part ID and click on close

Update the site database for


antenna , model and feeder type

Making a reference Model


From Configuration > Propagation
Model

Propagation Model Window will pop up


> click Add > select any reference
model(Say standard Macrocell 3) >
Click Add

(Say 1900)> click View/Edit Model


Parameter

Fill the relative information (say


Frequency) in general tab

Fill K-values information from user


guide

Choose Effective antenna height


algorithm (say Relative)

Choose Diffraction calculation


Method (say Epstein Peterson)

Initial through clutter losses and clutter


offsets will be 0. No need to fill the
value in this tab

Importing the CW Drive test file


From Tools > Click Measurements

Measurement toolbox will open > Click


Add in cell associate measurement >
Browse Header(.hd) file > click open

Importing of drive file will take


few minutes

If header file and site database


information are same then loading will
ask for the association of drive data
with cell > Click OK

Click on Load Associated

Similarly Import the other drive


(Signia) files

Model Analysis Select the particular


measurements>click Individual > Model Analysis
Tool Box will pop up > In Model tab, Fill the
required information > Select the Model

In filter tab > Give distance filtering >


Rx Level Filtering > Clutter filtering >
Polygon Filtering

For Polygon Filtering you must have measurement


analysis > Check Measurement Signal > View the drive
data in 2D view with sites > Click on Create new vector
from 2D menu > Give vector name (Say 1900)> Select
polygon shape > make polygon for the bad drive
samples > Save all vectors

Now if you want to use polygon filtering >


Check Use Exclusion Polygons box > Click
Select polygons > check the specific polygon
> click on Apply

Polygon Selected will show you the no


of Exclusion polygons > click OK

Model Analysis box will pop up > Select all the


measurement > click Composite. This will give
combine values. You can also do the analysis for
individual drive data

After the completion of composite


analysis this will give you the values as
slide is showing

You can also view the analysis report


from here > Click View Report >
Analysis will run

After the completion of analysis an option


box will pop up > choose the desired
options > Click OK

Analysis report will generate (See the below mentioned specimen) In this case
You can see that mean error & Std. Dev is not matching with exact
criteria.Actually mean value should be 0 and Std. Dev should be less or equal to 8

Analysis report will generate (See the below mentioned specimen) In this case
You can see that mean error & Std. Dev is not matching with exact criteria.
Actually mean value should be 0 and Std. Dev should be less or equal to 8. After
tuning the value of K1, K2 and K7 we will get the exact report as given

Auto Tuning
After Analysis you need to do the tuning for
improved results. Select the measurements
> Click Auto Tune

Initialization of Auto tuning will take


few minutes

Model Calibration Utility box will pop up. This will show you
the reference model K-value. Also at the moment Through
clutter losses are 0. You can see the same from; Clutter >
View/set Through clutter parameters

auto tuning you can fix or open the clutter


losses values. In the below mentioned slide all
clutter loss values are open.

Before going to Auto tuning you can also fix or


open the K-values. For eg. In the below mentioned
slide K2 is open while others are fix. For Auto
Tuning Go to Tools> Auto Tune

Auto Tuning will take Few Minutes time

Auto Tuning will give you new k and clutter values.


If you want to apply the new values go to Tools >
Apply New parameters

You also can see the new clutter losses


values

This will complete the Auto Tuning Process.


Now From File > Click Exit

See the tuned values from Configuration


>Propagation Model> Select Specific Model >
View/Edit model Parameters > Path loss tab
and then > Clutter tab

Antenna

BASIC INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNA


What is antenna?
An antenna is the converter between cable bounded
electromagnetic waves and free space waves.

ANTENNA INSTALLATION
Antenna installation configurations depend on the operators preferences.
It is important to keep sufficient decoupling distances between antennas.
If TX and RX direction use separated antennas, it is advisable to keep a horizontal
separation between the antennas in order to reduce the TX signal power at the RX
input stages.

Antennas for GSM System

Antennas for GSM System

Antennas for GSM System


Base station antenna specification
and meanings
Antenna types and trends

(Technical Data)

B la h blah
b la h b l a h

Electrical properties

Mechanical properties

Operation Frequency Band


Input impedance
VSWR
Polarization
Gain
Radiation Pattern
Horizontal/Vertical beamwidth
Downtilt
Front/back ratio
Sidelobe suppression and null filling
Power capability
3rd order Intermodulation
Insulation

Size
Weight
Radome material
Appearance and color
Working temperature
Storage termperature
Windload
Connector types
Package Size
Lightening

Electrical properties

Dipoles
Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
Dipole
1800MHz

166mm

900MHz

333mm

1 dipole

Multiple dipole matrix

(received power) 1mW

Received power 4 mW

GAIN= 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBd

Antenna
(Overlook

Omnidirectional array
Received power 1mW

Sector antenna
Received power 8mW

Gain=10log(8mW/1mW) = 9dBi

Frequency Range

GSM 900 : 890-960MHz


GSM 1800 : 1710-1880MHz
GSM dual band : 890-960MHz & 1710-1880MHz
eg.824-960MHz 1710-1900MHz

Optimum 1/2 wavelength


for dipole at 925MHz

at
890
MHz

at
960
MHz
Antenna
Dipole

BANDWIDTH = 960 - 890 = 70MHz

Impedance

50

Antenna
Cable
50 ohms
50 ohms

VSWR

Forward: 10W
50 ohms
Backward: 0.5W

80
ohms

Return Loss 10log(10/0.5) = 13dB


VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)

9.5 W

1.5
=(VSWR-1)/(VSWR+1)
RL=-20lg

Polarization

Vertical

+ 45degree slant

Horizontal

- 45degree slant

V/H (Vertical/Horizontal)

Slant (+/- 45)

Linear, vertical
45 dual linear 45 slant

dBd and dBi

Ideal radiating dot source


(lossless radiator)
2.15dB

eg:
Dipole

0dBd = 2.15dBi

Pattern :-

Beamwidth

3dB Beamwidth

10dB Beamwidth
Peak - 3dB

60 (eg)

Peak
Peak - 3dB

Peak - 10dB
120 (eg)

Peak
Peak - 10dB

3dB
3dB Beam width Horizontal

Directional Antenna 65/90/105/120 Omni 360

3dB
3dB Beam width Horizontal
Directional

Omni-directional

Down Tilt

Mechanical down tilt

Fixed electronic down


tilt

Adjustable electronic
down tilt

Demonstration of Electronic Down-tilt


Non down tilt

Electronic downtilt

Mechanical
downtilt

(Electronic and mechanical down tilt)

Front to Back Ratio

Ratio of maximum main lobe to


maximum side lobe

Back power
F/B = 10 log(FP/BP)

Front power
typically 25dB

Upper Side lobes Suppression & Null Fill

Side lobe

In (dB)

In (dB)

Mechanical properties

Mast

Mast diameter 45-90mm

(Antenna Types and Development )

(Antenna Types)
By frequency band: GSM900, GSM1800, GSM900/1800
By polarization: Vertical, Horizontal, 45 linear
polarization, circle polarization
By pattern:

Omni-directional, directional

By down-tilt:

Non, mechanical, electronic


adjustment, remote control

By function:

Transmission, receiving, transceiving

ONE ANTENNA FOR MULTIPLE BANDS

870-960MHz and 1710-1880MHz


Extended band option with 806-960MHz
Dual slant 45 polarisation
65 horizontal beamwidth
Band independent Teletilt control
17dBi gain in both bands
Diplexed or Non-Diplexed versions
Mechanical downtilt mounting option

7/8 MAIN FEEDER

1/2 JUMPER CABLE

Planning

Coverage Planning Strategies

Coverage Planning Strategies

The selection of site


configurations, antennas and
cables is the core of the coverage
planning strategy. The right choice
will provide cost savings and
guarantees smooth network
evolution.

3
6

4
3

Some typical configurations are:


3-sector sites for (sub) urban
areas
2-sector sites for road coverage

2
7

1
2

3
1
2

4
7

4
7

5
4

1
2

1
2

7
6

1
2

These are not the ultimate solutions, decisions should be based on a


careful analysis

Cell Range and Coverage Area

For any site configuration, the cell ranges can be determined given
the equipment losses and gains. The site coverage areas can be
calculated then and these will lead to the required number of sites
for a given coverage region. This makes it possible to estimate the
cost, e.g. per km2, to be used for strategic decisions.

Network Planning Tool:Network Planning Tool:

Planning tool is used to assist engineers in designing and optimizing wireless


networks by providing an accurate and reliable prediction of coverage, doing
frequency planning automatically, creating neighbor lists etc.

With a database that takes into account data such as terrain, clutter, and
antenna radiation patterns, as well as an intuitive graphical interface, the
Planning tool gives RF engineers a state-of-the-art tool to:
Design wireless networks
Plan network expansions
Optimize network performance
Diagnose system problems

The major tools available in the market are Planet, Asset, Net-Act,
Cell Cad.

Also many vendors have developed Planning tools of their own like
Net plan by Motorola, TCPU by Ericsson and so on.

Propagation Test Kit


Propagation Test Kit

The propagation test kit consists of

Test transmitter.
Antenna ( generally Omni ).
Receiver to scan the RSS (Received signal levels). The receiver scanning
rate should be settable so that it satisfies Lees law.
A laptop to collect data.
A GPS to get latitude and longitude.
Cables and accessories.
Site Master to check VSWR.

A single frequency is transmitted a predetermined power level from


the candidate site.

These transmitted power levels are then measured and collected by


the Drive test kit. This data is then loaded on the Planning tool and
used for tuning models.

Commonly Graysons or BVS test kits are used.

RF Network Design
COVERAGE PLANNING

Frequency Bands

GSM-900

The term GSM-900 is used for any GSM system which operates in
any 900 MHz band.

P-GSM-900
P-GSM-900 band is the primary band for GSM-900 Frequency band
for primary GSM-900 (P-GSM-900) : 2 x 25 MHz

890 915 MHz for MS to BTS (uplink)


935 960 MHz for BTS to MS (downlink)
E-GSM-900
In some countries, GSM-900 is allowed to operate in part or in all of
the following extension band. E-GSM-900 (Extended GSM-900) band
includes the primary band (P-GSM-900) and the extension band :
880 890 MHz for MS to BTS (uplink)
925 935 MHz for BTS to MS (downlink)

Frequency Bands

R-GSM-900

R-GSM-900 (Railway GSM-900) band includes the primary band (P-GSM900) and the following extension band:

876 890 MHz for MS to BTS (uplink)


921 935 MHz for BTS to MS (downlink)

GSM-1800

Frequency band: 2 x 75 MHz

1710 1785 MHz for MS to BTs (uplink)


1805 1880 MHz for BTS to MS (downlink)

Carrier Spacing and Channel


Structure

Channel number the carrier frequency is designated by the absolute

P-GSM-900:

radio frequency channel number (ARFCN). The frequency value of the


carrier n in the lower band is called FL (n) while FU (n) is the
corresponding frequency value in the upper band. Frequencies are in
MHz

FL (n) = 890 + 0.2 n

with 1 < n < 124

FU (n) = FL (n) + 45

E-GSM-900:

FL (n) = 890 + 0.2 x n with 1 < n < 124


FL (n) = 890 + 0.2 x (n-1024)
FU (n) = FL (n) + 45

with 975 < n < 1024

Coverage, Capacity, and Quality

Providing coverage is usually considered as the first and most


important activity of a new cellular operator. For a while, every
network is indeed coverage driven. However, the coverage is not the
only thing. It provides the means of service and should meet
certain quality measures.

The starting point is a set of coverage quality requirements.

To guarantee a good quality in both uplink and downlink


direction, the power levels of BTS and MS should be in balance
at the edge of a cell. Main output results of the power link
budgets are:
Maximum path loss that can be tolerated between the MS and the
BTS
Maximum output power level of the BTS transmitter.

Coverage, Capacity, and Quality


These values are calculated as a function of
design constraints:
BTS and MS receiver sensitivity levels
MS output power level
Antenna gain
Diversity reception
Losses in combiners, cables, etc.

Coverage, Capacity, and Quality

The cell ranges are derived with propagation loss formulas such as
Okumura-Hata, using inputs of maximum path loss, differences in the
operating environments and the quality targets in different cell ranges.

The traffic capacity requirements have to be combined with the


coverage requirements, by allocating frequencies. This also may have
impact on the cell range.

Coverage Planning Strategies

The selection of site configurations, antennas and cables is the core of


the coverage planning strategy. The right choice will provide cost
savings and guarantees smooth network evolution.

Some typical configurations are:

3-sector sites for (sub)urban areas


2-sector sites for road coverage
omni sites for rural areas

Coverage Planning Strategies

These are not the ultimate solutions, decisions should be based


on a careful analysis

Cell Range and Coverage Area

For any site configuration, the cell ranges can be determined


given the equipment losses and gains. The site coverage areas
can be calculated then and these will lead to the required
number of sites for a given coverage region. This makes it
possible to estimate the cost, e.g. per km2, to be used for
strategic decisions.

Methodology

Define design rules and parameters

Identify design rules to meet coverage and capacity targets efficiently


Acquire software tools and databases
Calibrate propagation models from measurements

Set performance targets

Clear statement of coverage requirements (roll out and quality)


Forecast traffic demand and distribution
Test business plan for different roll out scenarios and quality levels

Methodology

Design nominal plan

Use computer tool to place sites to meet coverage and capacity


targets
Verify feasibility of meeting service requirements
Ensure a frequency plan can be made for the design
Estimate equipment requirements and costs
Develop implementation and resource plans (including personnel
requirements)
Radio plan will provide input to fixed network planning

Nominal RF Design
Link Budget

Propagation
model

Coverage
requirements

Site radius

Nominal RF
Design
(coverage)

Maximum
path loss

Typical site
configuration
Transmit Power
Antenna configuration
(type, height, azimuth)
Site type (sector, omni)

Traffic
requirements

Standard hexagon site


layout
Friendly, candidate sites
Initial site survey inputs

Traffic
requirements

Recalculate the site


radius using the
number of sites from
the traffic requirement
Repeat the nominal
RF design

Coverage site
count
Traffic site
count

Traffic > Cov.


Cov. > Traffic

Nominal site
count

Methodology

Implement cell plan

Identify physical site locations near to nominal or


theoretical locations, using search areas.
Modify nominal design as theoretical sites are replaced
with physical sites
Modify search areas in accordance with evolving network.

Produce frequency plan

Fixed cluster configuration, can be done manually.


Flexible, based on interference matrix using an automatic
tool.

Methodology

Optimizing the network

Expand the network

In line with the roll out requirement


In line with the forecasted traffic level
Improve the coverage quality
Maintain the blocking performance

Fade Margin

The concept of a fade margin is to reserve extra signal power to


overcome potential fading.

Assume :

The mobile radio system needs an signal level of Pr dBm at the


receiver
The maximum likely fade (loss) is calculated to be L(fade) dB

The a received signal level of Pr dBm can be ensured by transmitting


enough power for a normal received signal level of (Pr + L(fade)) dBm

Fade Margin

The fade margin is normally equal to the maximum expected


fade or to a smaller value. The value is chosen in such a way
that the threshold value is undershot in only a low percentage
of time.

For this purpose, it is necessary to know the probability density


function of the fading.

In RF planning, the impact of Rayleigh fading is taken into


account by implementing an extra fade margin of 8 dB.

Multipath Propagation

The radio wave may be reflected, from a hill, a building, a truck, an


aeroplane or a discontinuity in the atmosphere. In some cases, the
reflected signal is significantly attenuated, while in others almost all
the radio energy is reflected and very little absorbed. The result is that
not one but many different paths are followed between the transmitter
and receiver. This is known as Multipath Propagation

Multipath Propagation

Building

Building
Building

Multipath Propagation

Reflection and multipath propagation can cause positive and negative


effects :-

Coverage extension
Multipath propagation allows radio signal to reach behind hills
and buildings and into tunnels
The latter effect is known as ducting

Multipath Propagation
Constructive and destructive interference
The interference due to multipath propagation manifest
itself in the following 3 most important ways: Random phase shift creates rapid fluctuations in the signal
strength known as Rayleigh fading
A delay spread in the received signal causes each symbol to
overlap with adjacent symbols : intersymbol interference
Random frequency modulation due to different doppler
shifts on different paths

Propagation Modeling
Statistical propagation models
These calculate a median signal for each pixel. The level within
this pixel varies about the median in a way that can only be
analysed statistically.
Local mean signal levels are distributed around the pixel median
with a log-normal probability distribution.
Formulas derived from measurements (e.g. Okumura-Hata).
No obstacles assumed to be close to the BTS antenna.
Deterministic propagation models
Take into account individual buildings and use ray tracing
techniques.
Make use of high resolution map data (at least 10m).

Cellular Architecture

The essential principles of the cellular architectures are :-

Low power transmitters with antenna heights between 20 50


m
Small coverage zones (cells), typical macro cell radius 3 30 km
Frequency reuse (factor n = 3, 4, 7 ... )
Cell splitting to increase local capacity
Micro and Pico cells act as patches for hot spots, tunnels and
buildings

Balance is to be found between conflicting requirements of :

Coverage
Traffic capacity

Cell Clustering

Frequency reuse is the core concept of the cellular mobile radio system,
given the fact that the number of allowed frequencies is fixed. A
frequency can be reused simultaneously in different cells, provided that
the cells using the same frequency set are far enough separated so that
co-channel interference is kept at an acceptable level most of the time.

The total frequency spectrum allocation can be divided into K frequency


reuse patterns.

Cell Types

The 2 main cell types are :-

Omni cells :
Coverage is in principle a
circle, but in reality a rough
pattern
Sector cells :
2 sectors (e.g. for highways)
3 sectors

Cell Coverage Area

Omni cell (Hexagon) = 2.6 R2

Sector cell (Hexagon) = 1.96 R2

Capacity Planning

Capacity Planning

Capacity Planning

Capacity can be understood in simplest terms as the number of mobile


subscribers a BTS can cater for at a given time.
Capacity planning is a very important process in the network rollout as it
defines the number of base stations required and their respective capacities.
When the sector utilization more then 100% then we will go for a new
capacity site in the nearby area.
Capacity plans are made in the preplanning phase for initial estimations, as
well as later in a detailed manner.
The number of base stations required in an area comes from the coverage
planning, and the number of transceivers required is derived from capacity
planning as it is directly associated with the frequency re-use factor.

Capacity Planning

There are three essential parameters required for capacity planning:


estimated traffic, average antenna height, and frequency Re-use.
Estimated Traffic:- Traffic in the network is dependent on the user
communication rate and user movement in the network. Traffic
estimation in the network is given in terms of erlangs. One erlang (1 Erl)
is defined as the amount of traffic generated by the user when he or she
uses one traffic channel for one hour (this one hour is usually the busy
hour of the network)
Average Antenna Height:-The concept of the average antenna height is
the basis of the frequency re-use pattern determining capacity
calculations in a cellular network. If Antenna Height is low then the
covered area is small in an Urban Area, Exactly the opposite is the case
in micro cellular environment.
Frequency Re-use:-Frequency re-use basically means how often a
frequency can be re-used in the network. If the average number of the
transreceivers and the total number of frequencies are known, the
frequency re-use factor can be calculated.

Capacity Enhancement Solutions

Conventional solutions

Cell splitting
Site distance reduction
Interference Reduction Features
New Site Plan
Optimize site properly

Extra Spectrum
Extended GSM (10 MHz)
Dual Band/ Dual Mode

Microcells (Hotspot, Continuous Layer)


Indoor Planning Solutions

City Planning

City Planning Enhancement


Solutions

Conventional solutions
New Site planned
Building Height
Tower Heights
Microcells (Hotspot, Continuous Layer)

City Planning

The whole land area is divided into three major classes urban, suburban and
rural based on human-made structures and natural terrains
City Is coming under Dense Urban, Urban & Suburban.
City Planning requires from the planners is generally a network design that covers
100% of the area. Fulfilling this requirement is usually impossible, so efforts are
made design a network that covers all the regions that may generate traffic and to
have holes only in no-traffic zones.
The cells (sites) that are constructed in these areas can be classified as outdoor
and indoor cells. Outdoor cells can be further classified as macro-cellular, microcellular or pico-cellular.
Macro Cells:- When the base station antennas are placed above the average
roof-top level, the cell is a known as a macro-cell. A macro-cell range may vary
from a couple of kilometers to 35 km So this concept is used for rural
Environment.
Micro Cells:- When the base station antennas are below the average roof-top
level, then the cell is known as a micro-cell. The area that can be covered is
small, so this concept is applied in Dense urban and urban areas. The range of
micro-cells is from a few hundred meters to a couple of kilometers.
Pico Cells:-Pico-cells are defined as the same layer as micro-cells and are
usually used for indoor coverage.

Highway Planning

In Highway planning needs High gain antenna as well as more


height.
This site is coming under clutter type Rural area.
This site is dedicated to highways & act as an backbone network for
those Rural area nearby the highway.

RF Planning on
Asset Tool

Creating a Project

Add a new project from the Add Project


Give a Project Name & Change the Following parameters as the Requirement:
Coordinate System:-The information is vital to locate the mapping information
on the earths surface. This information is obtained from the data provided.
Map Projection
Ellipsoid
UTM Zone
Then Click Save button and then press OK.

Creating a Project

Mapping data directory


Information relating to the location in the directory structure of
where the particular type of mapping data is held
Line (vector) data
Heights
Clutter
Text

Training On Asset Tool

Creating a Project

User data directory


Directory for storage of the user data types

User Preference
Prediction Directory
Max Disk Space (Default space 5 GB)
Colour Palette (C:\Program Files\AIRCOM International\Enterprise 6.0\Common)
Coverage Array Directory
User Line Vector (Data)

Creating a Project

Map data extents


Defined the overall area that the user will be able to move around in the
2-D view
Click on Calculate Button.

Asset Planning Tool

Now Project created & Select the project by click on the Start Button.

2D Views Window

3. Add
Sites
2. Add BSC
1. Add
MSC
4. Moving

5. Deleting
6. Moving antenna
7. Re-orientating
antenna

For a new project, the user will need to firstly lay down MSCs and BSCs in hierarchical
order.

Site Database Window

Site Database

Site Database

To get all information regarding a site, Like GSM Antenna Height, type, power,
Lat/Long.

Site Database

Site Database

Site Database

Analysis

Predictions for all sites to be analysed are required before any analysis is done

Analysis - Array Creation

Create Array

Add site to
coverage
array
Display
coverag
Add cell to
e for a
coverage
cell
array

Create/display
Array
Coverag
e
Statistic

Display
coverage
for a site

Cell signal
difference

Analysis - Array Creation

Use to analysis network with frequency


hopping turn-on

Use to analysis network without


frequency hopping turn-on

Analysis - Array Creation

Minimum signal level at which a


cell is considered to be a serving
cell

Analysis - Array Creation

Analysis - Array Creation

Use when there are predictions of


different resolution, to interpolate
and smooth all the different
resolutions to the selected one to
give a continuous resolution
coverage array

Settings

Options - Carriers

Settings

Option - Group

Settings

Option - Carrier Layers

Settings

Option - Cell Layer

Settings

Option - Cell Layer

Settings

Coverage Thresholds and Types

Create Array

Select the filter in Create Array windows & Press OK.


Then Processing for the Create Array.

Asset Planning Tool

After Processing Prediction Plot of the Site.


For multiple Site we can select required Site the go for Prediction.

Single Site Prediction

Multiple Site Prediction

Report

Export

The project can be exported to the following format :

Coverage (MapInfo bitmap)


Enterprise
Coverage (Coversoft/GSM Association V6)
Coverage (InterGraph)
Coverage (MapInfo Mif)
Coverage (MapInfo Tiff)
Neptune
NPS/10
NPS/X
PlaNet/EET

Import

Asset can import data from :-

Enterprise
Neptune
NPS/X
PlaNet/EET

!!!! END !!!!

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