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RF Planning
1. Coverage planning
2. Capacity planning
3. Highway Planning
4. City planning
Planning Tool
Asset Planning Tool
INTRODUCTION TO RF
PLANNING
INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
INTRODUCTION TO RF
PLANNING
On the other hand a poorly planned network not only leads to many Network
problems but it also increases the optimization costs and still may not ensure
the desired quality.
INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
The high level life cycle of the RF network planning process can be
summarised as follows :-
Comparative
Analysis
RF Design
requirement
Coverage requirement
Traffic requirement
Various level of design
(ROM to detail RF
design)
RF Design
Site
Realization
RF Design
Implementation
Frequency plan
Neighbour list
RF OMC data
Optimisation
INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
For the comparative analysis, we would need to : Identify all network that are competitors to the customer
Design drive routes that take in the high density traffic areas of
interest
Include areas where the customer has no or poor service and the
competitors have service
INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
Available spectrum and frequency usage restriction, if any
List of available, existing and/or friendly sites that should be
included in the RF design
Limitation of the quantity of sites and radios, if any
Quality of Network (C/I values)
Related network features (FH, DTX, etc.)
INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
RF Network Design
There are 2 parts to the RF network design to meet the : Capacity requirement
Coverage requirement
CW Drive
Testing
Propagation
Model
Digitized
Databases
RF
Coverage
Design
Customer
Requirements
Link
Budget
CW Propagation Tool
INTRODUCTION
Drive test types
This is at beginning of design when no site has been built or even selected.
All test sites are temporary.
INTRODUCTION
When measuring the RF signal strength certain sampling criteria must be met
to eliminate the short-term fading components from the long-term component
( I.e. log normal fading )
The RF signal strength measurements must be taken over a radio path or mobile
path distance interval of 40, where is the wavelength of the RF signal.
If the distance interval is too short, the short term variation cannot be smoothed
out and will affect the local mean.
Depending on the speed of the vehicle during the drive test, the
sampling interval in time is selected.
If
f = 1900MHZ, then
= 3 * 108 / 1900 * 106
= 0.158 m
40 = 40 * 0.158
= 6.32 m
50 measurements must be recorded every 6.32m or 1 measurement every
0.1264m
The conversion from sampling distance to mobile velocity can be done as follows
minimum sampling rate ( per second ) = v / (0.1264 m/sample)
If velocity of vehicle is 50 kph then
Sampling rate( per second ) = (50000/ 3600) / 0.1264
= 110 samples / sec
TEMS kit cannot be used for this purpose as it can report RF signal strength
measurements at a maximum rate of 1 sample per second
The bin size is typically selected in 40 to 1500m, i.e. all measurements in this
size square are averaged to one value.
Normally the post processing tool takes care of averaging the collected data
over different bins.
The predicted and measured signal strengths for all bins within the drive route
is compared and the best set of correction factors to minimize the prediction
errors is determined.
All the bins within the coverage area cannot be drive tested. So a large enough
sample set should be considered.
The more the number of bins, the larger the confidence level of results.
Generally for acceptable confidence at least 300 to 400 bins have to be
considered.
Transmitter
GPS Antenna
RECEIVER LAPTOP
If the propagation test is being done for model tuning to produce a generic
model for macro cells, then a high point in the particular area has to be
selected.
The transmitter and the transmit antenna will be placed at this point (say the
roof of the building ).
The transmit antenna is connected to the transmitter via a RF cable.
Check to see that the cable is connected properly and tight.
Loosely connected or faulty cable can increase the VSWR.
A test frequency has to selected from the frequency band allocated to the
operator. Set the transmitter to this test frequency.
TEST
TRANSMITTER
Drive test sites should be selected to give a good representative sample of the
system coverage area. The exact number of sites required will depend on the size
of the system coverage area and the variability of the characteristics of the
coverage area.
All terrain and clutter types in the area should be represented in the
drive test data for proper prediction tuning.
Typical terrain types are: Flat, Rolling Hills, Large Hills, Mountains
Typical clutter types are: Water, Open Land, Forest, Commercial /
Industrial, Low Density Urban, Medium Density Urban, High
Density Urban, City Center, Airport.
Test sites must be available for use during the drive test.
The site owner/supervisor should approve access to the site for as long as
needed to complete the testing. This may involve multiple visits to the site,
possibly on short notice.
Test sites must also be physically accessible to allow setup of the transmitter
equipment and mounting of the antenna. For this reason building top sites are
preferred to tower sites.
The inspection should be done by the same people who will be doing
the site setup for the actual drive test. Familiarity with the site
should speed up the site setup during the drive test.
When inspecting a building site the rooftop should be checked for any obstructions
that would interfere with signal propagation. This could include objects on the
rooftop itself or other nearby buildings or structures.
The antenna location should be selected and a sketch of the rooftop made to
identify this location relative to other objects nearby.
Photographs should be taken of the location where the antenna will be mounted
and in all directions looking away from the site.
When inspecting a tower site the best location to mount the antenna to the
tower must be deter-mined.
This should be selected such that the tower doesnt interfere with the
propagation pattern of the transmit antenna. This will usually require that the
antenna be above the tower or on an arm extending from the side of the tower.
The area around the tower should be checked for any obstructions that would
interfere with signal propagation.
The actual dive test must be performed carefully to insure that the data
collected is accurate.
If any of the procedures are not followed or any of the data is not
properly recorded then the drive test data will not be usable and the
drive will have to be repeated.
Engineer should study the drive test plan ahead of time and
highlight the intended drive test routes.
For each drive test a team of two people should get involved.
Lat
Long
RSSI
Freq
X1
Y1
M1
X2
Y2
M2
X3
Y3
M3
The result of drive test is a collection of data files which has lat, long,
Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) at that point and the
frequency.
The location information ( lat, long ) is used by the post processing tools
as a reference of correlation between the measured vs. predicted signal
levels for measurement integration.
This file has to be transferred onto the planning tool either by a floppy or
by data transfer using LAN.
Model Tunning
Model Tunning
Model Tuning On Asset version 6.1
Model Tunning
Model Tunning
Models are used to predict path loss.
Different models are used for different purpose. Eg:- Rural Macro-cell
-Okumura hata model, Micro cells - Ray tracing
Models have to be tuned using data collected by drive testing.
Good propagation tool + Sound engineering ingenuity = Sound RF
design.
Some of the popular prediction models are Okumura hata, Walfisch
Ikegemi, COST231, Ray tracing etc.
Model Tunning
Okumura Hata Model
This is used for Macro cell modeling.
Model Tunning
Model Tunning
K1 - 1Km intercept value. Upto this point model assumes free space
loss
K2 - Slope value
Model Tunning
Model Tunning
d
h
w
b
Model Tunning
MODEL TUNING
This means that the actual cell coverage could be different from the
predicted cell coverage. This could in turn result in wrong cell
designing.
Model Tunning
The prediction for that cell is then done using the same conditions
as were for the propagation tests (i.e. using the same antenna type,
same height of the antenna at the site, same downtilts, same
transmit power etc.
Model Tunning
MODEL TUNING
Ideally both the propagation test cell coverage and the predicted cell
coverage should match.
Model Tunning
Once both the cell coverage match the model is then said to be
tuned.
Now the actual antenna type, height of antenna, transmit power are
used and prediction done.
Model Tunning
MODEL TUNING
The sites are then categorized in these clutter types and then fitted in
the model tuned for that clutter type.
This method though not perfect is widely accepted and saves lot of time
and money for the operator.
Analysis report will generate (See the below mentioned specimen) In this case
You can see that mean error & Std. Dev is not matching with exact
criteria.Actually mean value should be 0 and Std. Dev should be less or equal to 8
Analysis report will generate (See the below mentioned specimen) In this case
You can see that mean error & Std. Dev is not matching with exact criteria.
Actually mean value should be 0 and Std. Dev should be less or equal to 8. After
tuning the value of K1, K2 and K7 we will get the exact report as given
Auto Tuning
After Analysis you need to do the tuning for
improved results. Select the measurements
> Click Auto Tune
Model Calibration Utility box will pop up. This will show you
the reference model K-value. Also at the moment Through
clutter losses are 0. You can see the same from; Clutter >
View/set Through clutter parameters
Antenna
ANTENNA INSTALLATION
Antenna installation configurations depend on the operators preferences.
It is important to keep sufficient decoupling distances between antennas.
If TX and RX direction use separated antennas, it is advisable to keep a horizontal
separation between the antennas in order to reduce the TX signal power at the RX
input stages.
(Technical Data)
B la h blah
b la h b l a h
Electrical properties
Mechanical properties
Size
Weight
Radome material
Appearance and color
Working temperature
Storage termperature
Windload
Connector types
Package Size
Lightening
Electrical properties
Dipoles
Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
Dipole
1800MHz
166mm
900MHz
333mm
1 dipole
Received power 4 mW
Antenna
(Overlook
Omnidirectional array
Received power 1mW
Sector antenna
Received power 8mW
Gain=10log(8mW/1mW) = 9dBi
Frequency Range
at
890
MHz
at
960
MHz
Antenna
Dipole
Impedance
50
Antenna
Cable
50 ohms
50 ohms
VSWR
Forward: 10W
50 ohms
Backward: 0.5W
80
ohms
9.5 W
1.5
=(VSWR-1)/(VSWR+1)
RL=-20lg
Polarization
Vertical
+ 45degree slant
Horizontal
- 45degree slant
V/H (Vertical/Horizontal)
Linear, vertical
45 dual linear 45 slant
eg:
Dipole
0dBd = 2.15dBi
Pattern :-
Beamwidth
3dB Beamwidth
10dB Beamwidth
Peak - 3dB
60 (eg)
Peak
Peak - 3dB
Peak - 10dB
120 (eg)
Peak
Peak - 10dB
3dB
3dB Beam width Horizontal
3dB
3dB Beam width Horizontal
Directional
Omni-directional
Down Tilt
Adjustable electronic
down tilt
Non down tilt
Electronic downtilt
Mechanical
downtilt
Back power
F/B = 10 log(FP/BP)
Front power
typically 25dB
Side lobe
In (dB)
In (dB)
Mechanical properties
Mast
(Antenna Types)
By frequency band: GSM900, GSM1800, GSM900/1800
By polarization: Vertical, Horizontal, 45 linear
polarization, circle polarization
By pattern:
Omni-directional, directional
By down-tilt:
By function:
Planning
3
6
4
3
2
7
1
2
3
1
2
4
7
4
7
5
4
1
2
1
2
7
6
1
2
For any site configuration, the cell ranges can be determined given
the equipment losses and gains. The site coverage areas can be
calculated then and these will lead to the required number of sites
for a given coverage region. This makes it possible to estimate the
cost, e.g. per km2, to be used for strategic decisions.
With a database that takes into account data such as terrain, clutter, and
antenna radiation patterns, as well as an intuitive graphical interface, the
Planning tool gives RF engineers a state-of-the-art tool to:
Design wireless networks
Plan network expansions
Optimize network performance
Diagnose system problems
The major tools available in the market are Planet, Asset, Net-Act,
Cell Cad.
Also many vendors have developed Planning tools of their own like
Net plan by Motorola, TCPU by Ericsson and so on.
Test transmitter.
Antenna ( generally Omni ).
Receiver to scan the RSS (Received signal levels). The receiver scanning
rate should be settable so that it satisfies Lees law.
A laptop to collect data.
A GPS to get latitude and longitude.
Cables and accessories.
Site Master to check VSWR.
RF Network Design
COVERAGE PLANNING
Frequency Bands
GSM-900
The term GSM-900 is used for any GSM system which operates in
any 900 MHz band.
P-GSM-900
P-GSM-900 band is the primary band for GSM-900 Frequency band
for primary GSM-900 (P-GSM-900) : 2 x 25 MHz
Frequency Bands
R-GSM-900
R-GSM-900 (Railway GSM-900) band includes the primary band (P-GSM900) and the following extension band:
GSM-1800
P-GSM-900:
FU (n) = FL (n) + 45
E-GSM-900:
The cell ranges are derived with propagation loss formulas such as
Okumura-Hata, using inputs of maximum path loss, differences in the
operating environments and the quality targets in different cell ranges.
Methodology
Methodology
Nominal RF Design
Link Budget
Propagation
model
Coverage
requirements
Site radius
Nominal RF
Design
(coverage)
Maximum
path loss
Typical site
configuration
Transmit Power
Antenna configuration
(type, height, azimuth)
Site type (sector, omni)
Traffic
requirements
Traffic
requirements
Coverage site
count
Traffic site
count
Nominal site
count
Methodology
Methodology
Fade Margin
Assume :
Fade Margin
Multipath Propagation
Multipath Propagation
Building
Building
Building
Multipath Propagation
Coverage extension
Multipath propagation allows radio signal to reach behind hills
and buildings and into tunnels
The latter effect is known as ducting
Multipath Propagation
Constructive and destructive interference
The interference due to multipath propagation manifest
itself in the following 3 most important ways: Random phase shift creates rapid fluctuations in the signal
strength known as Rayleigh fading
A delay spread in the received signal causes each symbol to
overlap with adjacent symbols : intersymbol interference
Random frequency modulation due to different doppler
shifts on different paths
Propagation Modeling
Statistical propagation models
These calculate a median signal for each pixel. The level within
this pixel varies about the median in a way that can only be
analysed statistically.
Local mean signal levels are distributed around the pixel median
with a log-normal probability distribution.
Formulas derived from measurements (e.g. Okumura-Hata).
No obstacles assumed to be close to the BTS antenna.
Deterministic propagation models
Take into account individual buildings and use ray tracing
techniques.
Make use of high resolution map data (at least 10m).
Cellular Architecture
Coverage
Traffic capacity
Cell Clustering
Frequency reuse is the core concept of the cellular mobile radio system,
given the fact that the number of allowed frequencies is fixed. A
frequency can be reused simultaneously in different cells, provided that
the cells using the same frequency set are far enough separated so that
co-channel interference is kept at an acceptable level most of the time.
Cell Types
Omni cells :
Coverage is in principle a
circle, but in reality a rough
pattern
Sector cells :
2 sectors (e.g. for highways)
3 sectors
Capacity Planning
Capacity Planning
Capacity Planning
Capacity Planning
Conventional solutions
Cell splitting
Site distance reduction
Interference Reduction Features
New Site Plan
Optimize site properly
Extra Spectrum
Extended GSM (10 MHz)
Dual Band/ Dual Mode
City Planning
Conventional solutions
New Site planned
Building Height
Tower Heights
Microcells (Hotspot, Continuous Layer)
City Planning
The whole land area is divided into three major classes urban, suburban and
rural based on human-made structures and natural terrains
City Is coming under Dense Urban, Urban & Suburban.
City Planning requires from the planners is generally a network design that covers
100% of the area. Fulfilling this requirement is usually impossible, so efforts are
made design a network that covers all the regions that may generate traffic and to
have holes only in no-traffic zones.
The cells (sites) that are constructed in these areas can be classified as outdoor
and indoor cells. Outdoor cells can be further classified as macro-cellular, microcellular or pico-cellular.
Macro Cells:- When the base station antennas are placed above the average
roof-top level, the cell is a known as a macro-cell. A macro-cell range may vary
from a couple of kilometers to 35 km So this concept is used for rural
Environment.
Micro Cells:- When the base station antennas are below the average roof-top
level, then the cell is known as a micro-cell. The area that can be covered is
small, so this concept is applied in Dense urban and urban areas. The range of
micro-cells is from a few hundred meters to a couple of kilometers.
Pico Cells:-Pico-cells are defined as the same layer as micro-cells and are
usually used for indoor coverage.
Highway Planning
RF Planning on
Asset Tool
Creating a Project
Creating a Project
Creating a Project
User Preference
Prediction Directory
Max Disk Space (Default space 5 GB)
Colour Palette (C:\Program Files\AIRCOM International\Enterprise 6.0\Common)
Coverage Array Directory
User Line Vector (Data)
Creating a Project
Now Project created & Select the project by click on the Start Button.
2D Views Window
3. Add
Sites
2. Add BSC
1. Add
MSC
4. Moving
5. Deleting
6. Moving antenna
7. Re-orientating
antenna
For a new project, the user will need to firstly lay down MSCs and BSCs in hierarchical
order.
Site Database
Site Database
To get all information regarding a site, Like GSM Antenna Height, type, power,
Lat/Long.
Site Database
Site Database
Site Database
Analysis
Predictions for all sites to be analysed are required before any analysis is done
Create Array
Add site to
coverage
array
Display
coverag
Add cell to
e for a
coverage
cell
array
Create/display
Array
Coverag
e
Statistic
Display
coverage
for a site
Cell signal
difference
Settings
Options - Carriers
Settings
Option - Group
Settings
Settings
Settings
Settings
Create Array
Report
Export
Import
Enterprise
Neptune
NPS/X
PlaNet/EET