PIPING FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION OUTLINE
History
Piping system and Components
ASME B 31.3 Overview
Scope
Exclusions
Materials
Material Selection
Modes of failure

Design

Design Pressure & Temperature

Types of Loadings
Wall thickness calculation
Factors used for calculation of wall thickness
Other load considerations
Fluid Services

Introduction to Stress & Strain

Relation ship
Type of stresses
Piping Stress Analysis
Purpose of Piping Stress Analysis
Type of analysis
Nozzle loadings
Work flow of stress analysis
Criteria for analysis
Problem Demonstration (Nozzle loadings)
Limit the piping loads (Supports & Loops)

History
Piping system is a transportation system that humans use
to flow the fluid either in the form of a liquid phase or gas
phase from one place to other place to their need.
Use of the piping system is started since 2700 years BC to
flow water from springs to urban areas. At that time the
material used comes from non metallic material which
joints between two non metallic materials with asphalt.
At 2400 BC in Egypt introduced the use of pipes with metal
material,it is copper.The well-known history of the use of
piping systems in ancient times is the Romans time. They
flow water that is often referred to as the aqueduct. Length
of piping system which is used is approximately 250 miles
and had used valve and stopcock to regulate water flow.
Most pipes are made from manufacturing processes such
as rolling and welding. Material of Valve and other pipe
material is made from bronze. Julius Frontinus was a
Roman made standard dimensions and materials to make
pipe for use at that time as the table below.

Piping System and Components

Role of Piping Stress Analysis

Role of Piping:
Transport fluids with specific conditions of
temperature and pressure from one place to
the other in a controlled way

Three Stages in Piping Design

Basic Design
Lay-Out Design
Stress Analysis
Purpose of stress analysis is to check that the
designed piping system is strong enough to
withstand the imposed loads

ASME
ASME B31.3
B31.3
ASME

B31.3 provides requirements for Process Piping:

Design
Materials
Fabrication
Erection
Inspection
Testing

process plants including

Petroleum refineries
Chemical plants
Pharmaceutical plants
Textile plants
Paper plants
Semiconductor
plants
Cryogenic plants

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Scope
Scope
ASME B31.3 applied to piping and piping
components of all fluid services:
Raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals
Petroleum products
Gas, steam, air, and water
Fluidized solids
Refrigerants
Cryogenic fluids

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Scope
Scope exclusions
exclusions specified
specified
The following are excluded from the scope of ASME B31.3
Piping system that design according to BPV and other
B31
.
0 P 15 psi

Pg 15 psi le & nontoxic

0nonflammab
nonflammab le & nontoxic

0
0

20 F T 366 F
20 0 F T 366 0 F

This item not exclude vacuum system

Tube, inside a fire heater
Fire protection system (NFPA )
Plumbing, sanitary sewer (AWWA)

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Material
Material
The factors that affect piping material selection
are:
Strength
Yield & Tensile strength
Creep strength
Fatigue strength
Corrosion resistance
Material fracture toughness
Fabricability
Availability & cost

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Material:
Material: Stress
Stress -- Strain
Strain Diagram
Diagram

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Material:
Material: Variation
Variation of
of strength
strength with
with
temperature
temperature

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Material:
Material: Variation
Variation of
of strength
strength with
with
temperature
temperature

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Material:
Material: Variation
Variation of
of strength
strength with
with
temperature
temperature

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Material:
Material: creep
creep
Below about 750F for a given stress, the strain in
most materials remains constant with time. Above
this temperature, even with constant stress, the
strain in the material will increase with time. This
behavior is known as creep.

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Material:
Material: fatigue
fatigue
The type of fatigue are:
Static:
specimen breaks under a load that it
has previously withstood for a length of
time. Examples of static fatigue are: creep
fracture and stress corrosion cracking.
Cyclic:
specimen breaks during a load cycle that it
has previously withstood several times.

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Material:
Material: Corrosion
Corrosion resistance
resistance
Corrosion of materials involves deterioration of the
metal by chemical or electrochemical attack and
include:
General or Uniform Corrosion:
Characterized by uniform metal loss over
entire surface of material. May be combined
with erosion if material is exposed to highvelocity fluids, or moving fluids that contain
abrasive materials.
Pitting Corrosion:
Form of localized metal loss randomly
located on material surface. Occurs most
often in stagnant areas or areas of low-flow
velocity.

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Material:
Material: Corrosion
Corrosion resistance
resistance
Galvanic Corrosion:
Occurs when two dissimilar metals contact each
other in corrosive electrolytic environment. The
anodic metal develops deep pits or grooves as a
current flows from it to the cathodic metal.

Crevice Corrosion:
Localized corrosion similar to pitting. Occurs at
places such as gaskets, lap joints, and bolts, where
a crevice can exist.

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Material:
Material: Corrosion
Corrosion resistance
resistance
Concentration Cell Corrosion:
Occurs when different concentration of
either corrosive fluid or dissolved oxygen
contacts areas of same metal. Usually
associated with stagnant fluid.
Graphitic Corrosion:
Occurs in cast iron exposed to salt water
or weak acids. Reduces iron in the cast
iron and leaves the graphite in place.
Result is extremely soft material with no
metal loss.

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Material:
Material: Material
Material fracture
fracture
toughness
toughness
It is the amount of energy necessary to initiate and
propagate a crack at a given temperature.
The addition of manganese or nickel improves
fracture toughness.
Mostly of concern for carbon steels
Generally decreases as temperature decreases
Factors affecting fracture toughness include:
Chemical composition or alloying elements
Heat treatment
Grain size
The impact energy required to fracture a
material sample at a given temperature can be
measured by standard Charpy V-notch tests.

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Material:
Material: Material
Material fracture
fracture
toughness
toughness

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Material:
Material: Cost
Cost

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Material:
Material: Modes
Modes of
of failures
failures
FAILURE BY GERNRAL YIELDING: Failure is due to
excessive plastic deformation.
Yielding at Sub Elevated temperature: Body
undergoes plastic deformation under slip action
of grains.
Yielding at Elevated temperature: After slippage,
material re-crystallizes and hence yielding
continues without increasing load. This
phenomenon is known as creep.
FAILURE BY FRACTURE: Body fails without undergoing
yielding.
Brittle fracture: Occurs in brittle materials.
Fatigue: Due to cyclic loading initially a small
crack is developed which grows after each cycle
and results in sudden failure.

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Material:
Material: Modes
Modes of
of failures:
failures: Ductile
Ductile
Deformation
Deformation

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Material:
Material: Modes
Modes of
of failures:
failures: Brittle
Brittle
Fracture
Fracture

Design

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: B31.3
B31.3 Definitions
Definitions
Normal operating conditions:
Are those expected to occur during normal
operation, excluding failure of any operating
device, operator error, and the occasional, shortterm variations stated in the applicable code.
Design conditions:
Are those which govern the design and selection
of piping components, and are based on the
most severe conditions expected to occur in
service.

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Design
Design pressure
pressure
The design pressure of a piping system is the pressure at
the most severe condition of coincident internal or external
pressure and temperature expected during service. unless
all of the following criteria are met.

The piping system have no pressure containing

components of cast iron or other non ductile metal.

Nominal pressure stresses shall not exceed the yield

strength, Sy data in [ASME] BPV Code, Section II, Part
D, Table Y-1).

The total number of pressure-temperature variations

shall not exceed 1000 during the life of the piping
system.

Increased pressure shall not exceed the test pressure

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Design
Design pressure
pressure

Occasional variations above design conditions shall

remain within one of the following limits for pressure
design.
Subject to the owner's approval, it is permissible to
exceed the pressure rating or the allowable stress for
pressure design at the temperature of the increased
condition by not more than:
33% for no more than 10 hour at any one time and
no more than 100 hour per year; or
20% for no more than 50 hour at any one time and
no more than 500 hour per year.
When the variation is self-limiting (e.g., due to a
pressure relieving event), 20% for no more than 50
hour at any one time and no more than 500 hour per
year.

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Design
Design pressure
pressure
The combined effects of the sustained and
cyclic variations shall have been evaluated.
Temperature variations below the minimum
temperature shown in Appendix A [of ASME
B31.3] are not permitted.
The application of pressures exceeding
pressure-temperature ratings of valves may
cause loss of seat tightness or difficulty of
operation. The differential pressure on the
valve closure element should not exceed the
maximum differential pressure rating
established by the valve manufacturer.

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Design
Design temperature
temperature
Uninsulated component:
T < 150F:
the metal design temperature of the
pipe and component taken as the
fluid temperature unless solar
radiation or other effects result in
higher temperature
T > 150F
pipe = 0.95 FT (Fluid Temperature)
Flange = 0.9 FT
Lap joint = 0.85 FT
Bolt = 0.8 FT
Externally Insulated:
Metal design temperature = FT
Where piping is heated or cooled by
heat tracing or jacketing, the effect
shall be included in the
determination of the metal design
temperature.
Internally insulated:
Require heat transfer calculation

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: B31.3
B31.3 Definitions
Definitions
Loading classification
Primary loads: These can be divided into two categories
based on the duration of loading.
Sustained loads: These loads are expected to be present
through out the plant operation. e.g.
internal & external pressure
weight of system (piping material and operating
pressure).
Occasional loads: These loads are present at infrequent
intervals during plant operation. e.g.
Wind, ice and snow load
seismic load
Dynamic load (pressure surge, water hammer, energy
release by pressure relief valve,
Hydrostatic leak test load
Wheel load (traffic load)

WEIGHT

Valve Weight

From Control department.

PRESSURE
500kg/cm2

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: B31.3
B31.3 Definitions
Definitions
Expansion loads: These are loads due to
displacements of piping. e.g.
thermal expansion:
are created when the free expansion and
contraction of the piping is prevented at
its end points by connected equipment,
or prevented at intermediate points by
supports and/or restraints that are
installed. pipe thermal loads can be from
the thermal expansion of equipment at
pipe-to-equipment nozzle attachment
points, causing displacements in the
piping system.
seismic anchor movements
building settlement.

TEMPERATURE
Expansion

Expansion,L= L **T
L =11.510-6 1001000mm=1.15mm
For
CS T=100, L=1mm/1m
SS T=100, L= 1.5mm/1m

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: B31.3
B31.3 Definitions:
Definitions: result
result
Principal pipe load types
Sustained loads
Act on system all or most of time
Consist of pressure and total weight load
Occasional loads
Act for short portion of operating time
Seismic and/or dynamic loading
Thermal expansion loads
Caused by thermal displacements
Result from restrained movement

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Required
Required Wall
Wall Thickness
Thickness for
for
Internal
Internal Pressure
Pressure of
of Straight
Straight Pipe
Pipe

t = Required thickness for internal pressure, in.

P = Internal design pressure, psig
S = Allowable stress in tension, psi
E = Longitudinal-joint quality factor
Y = Wall thickness correction factor
tm = Total minimum required wall thickness, in.
tnom = Minimum required nominal pipe wall
thickness, in.

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Allowable
Allowable Stresses
Stresses
Function of
Material properties
Temperature
Safety factors

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Wall
Wall thickness
thickness correction
correction factor
factor

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Wall
Wall thickness
thickness correction
correction factor
factor

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Load:
Load: Weight
Weight
For buried piping, dead weight is not a factor.
However, a sustained load that is analyzed is
the load from the earth above the buried piping.
The earth load on rigid piping may be calculated
using the following formula.

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Load
Load
Wheel load

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Load
Load
Wind load:
Wind load can cause other loads, such as
vibratory loads, due to reaction from a
deflection caused by the wind. The design
wind speed is determined from ASCE 7

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Load
Load
Snow load (ANSI A58.1)

Assuming that snow laying on a pipe will

take the approximate shape of an
equilateral triangle with the base equal to
the pipe diameter.
For most heavy snow climates, a minimum
snow load of 1.2 kpa (25 psf) is used in the
design.

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: Load
Load
Ice load:

Unless local or regional data suggests

assumption of 50 to 75 mm (2 to 3 in)
maximum ice accumulation to calculate
an ice loading

Restraint Loads

Due to weight of piping, insulation and Fluid etc

Point Load
Uniform Load

Thermal Loads

Resulted from restraining the pipe

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: B31.3
B31.3 Fluid
Fluid Service
Service
Definitions
Definitions

Category D
Category M
High Pressure
Normal

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: B31.3
B31.3 Fluid
Fluid Service
Service Definitions
Definitions

Category D:
The fluid handled is nonflammable,
nontoxic and not damaging to human
tissue. The design pressure does not
exceed 150 psig (1035 kPa). The design
temperature is greater than -20F (29C) and does not exceed 366 F
(186C).
Often characterized as utility

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: B31.3
B31.3 Fluid
Fluid Service
Service Definitions
Definitions

Category M:
A fluid service in which the potential
for personnel exposure is judged to be
significant and in which a single
exposure to a very small quantity of a
toxic fluid, caused by leakage, can
produce serious irreversible harm to
persons upon breathing or on bodily
contact, even when prompt restorative
measures are taken.
Often characterized as lethal

ASME
ASME B31.3:
B31.3: B31.3
B31.3 Fluid
Fluid Service
Service Definitions
Definitions

High Pressure:
A service for which the owner specifies
the use of Chapter IX [of B31.3] for
piping design and construction
considered to be in excess of Class
2500 (PN 420). Characterized as high
pressure
Normal: Everything else.
Often characterized as process

Piping Stress Analysis

Response of a Body to Applied Load

When a load is applied to a body one of the two things

happens
The body moves as a whole
Due to some constraint, the body resists the load

In the later case there are internal deformation in the body. If

these deformations are excessive then the body may lose its
integrity and collapse

Measure of Body Deformation: Stress

More is the applied load P, more will be

the deformation
More is the area A to which load is
applied, lesser will be the deformation
Quantity P/A therefore is a measure of
the body deformation and is called
STRESS

dL

Measure of Body Deformation: Strain

More is the overall increase

in length of body, more will
be the deformation
More is the original length of
body, lesser will be the
deformation
Quantity Load/Area therefore
is also a measure of the
body deformation and is
called STRAIN

dL

Relationship between Stress and Strain

Relationship between
stress and strain is
given by stress strain
curve. Its shape varies
depending upon the
material.
Stress

Yield Point

Strain

Introduction Of Stress
Theoretically:
Force per unit area F/A.
Practically:
Internal resistance of a material to maintain its original
position or Resistance to deformation.

Strain:
It is the change in length per unit original length.
( because of imposed load or applied stress ).
Measure of deformation of the material.

Stress and Strain

Relationship
Stress, Strain relationship can be
expressed by the stress strain curve.
Stress

O-A Proportional Range

B- Elastic Limit
C-Yield Point
D- Ultimate Strength
=P/A

Ultimate
Strength

B
A

C
Yie
ld P
Ela
oin
stic
Lim t
Pr
it
Li opor
mi tio
t
na
l

Strain

=l/L

Types
of Stresses
Normal
Stress
Applied force is normal to the area to
which it is applied
Tensile Stress
Compressive stress
Shear Stress
Applied Force is parallel to the area to which
force is applied

Parallel
Planes
Normal
Planes

Types of Stresses

Hoop Stress PD/2t

Axial Stress due to Pressure
PD/4t
Bending Stress M/Z
Tensional Stress T/I

Types of Stresses
Longitudinal Stress
Radial Stress
Circumferential Stress

Introduction
Type of stresses in the
pipe
Longitudinal stresses
Hoop stresses
Shear stresses
Radial stresses

Longitudinal stress
Stress due axial force
SL=Fax/A
Stress due pressure
SL=PD/4t
Stress due bending
moment
SL=M/Z

Hoop Stresses
Stress due to
Pressure
Sh=PD/2t

Shear stress
Shear stress due to shear force (V):
= VQ/A, Q (Shear factor =1.3333)
Shear stress due to torsional loads= Mt
c /R,
Where
Mt = internal torsion moment
c = distance of point of interest from center
R= torsional resistance of cross-section = 2I

ategories of Stress in Pipe

Primary Stresses
Primary stresses which are
developed by
the imposed loading are necessary
to
satisfy the equilibrium between
external
and internal forces and moments of
the
piping system.
Primary stresses are not self
limiting . If a
primary stress exceeds the yield

Secondary stresses

Peak Stresses

Types of Stresses
Ra
d

Ci

al
i
t
n
re
e
f
rcum

i al

Lo
ng
it u

di
n

al

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
1. Primary Stresses
Developed by sustained / occasional loads
Do not diminish with time
Can cause gross distortion resulting to rupture
Most critical
2. Secondary Stresses
Developed by thermal loads
Self limiting
Can initiate fatigue crack resulting to leakage
Not as critical as primary

ASME
ASMEB31.3:
B31.3:B31.3
B31.3Definitions:
Definitions:Stress
StressCategorization
Categorization

Primary Stresses: These are developed by the imposed

loading and are necessary to satisfy the equilibrium
between external and internal forces and moments of
the piping system. Primary stresses are not self-limiting.
Direct
Shear
Bending
Secondary stresses: These are developed by the
constraint of displacements of a structure. These
displacements can be caused either by thermal
expansion or by outwardly imposed restraint and anchor
point movements. Secondary stresses are self-limiting.
Act across pipe wall thickness
Cause local yielding and minor distortions
Not a source of direct failure

THERMAL STRESS
= *T*E

Thermal Stress
= 11.510-6 100 2.06 105 N / mm2 = 236 N / mm2 =35 ksi
Force at the fixed end for 100 mm did circular rod
F =*A =236*3.14*100^2/4=1852 KN=185 Tons

0DC
1000mm
1.15mm

100 D C

ASME
ASMEB31.3:
B31.3:B31.3
B31.3Definitions:
Definitions:Stress
StressCategorization
Categorization

Peak stresses: Unlike loading condition of

secondary stress which cause distortion, peak
stresses cause no significant distortion. Peak
stresses are responsible for causing fatigue
failure.
More localized
Rapidly decrease within short distance of
origin
Occur where stress concentrations and
fatigue failure might occur
Significance equivalent to secondary
stresses
Do not cause significant distortion

ASME B31.3 DESIGN

SCOPE

ASME B31.3

Sustained
Loads

Occasional
Loads

Primary Stresses

Expansion
Loads

Secondary
Stresses

Flexibility Analysis

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

A calculated value of stress means little until it is

associated with the type of loading which
produces it.

ASME B31.3 considers three types of loads.

1.

Sustained Loads (Pressure, Weight)

2.

Thermal Displacement Loads (Temperature)

3.

Occasional Loads (Wind, Earthquake)

What is Piping Stress Analysis

Piping Stress Analysis is a systematic procedure to check that the

designed piping system is strong enough to withstand the imposed
loads.

INTRODUCTION
Flexibility of a piping system is its ability to
absorb
thermal stresses without failure.
Flexibility is necessary to ensure the system:
1.

Will not fail due to excessive thermal displacement

stress.

2.

Will not overload connected equipment.

(Pumps, Turbines, Vessels, Heat Exchangers)

3.

Will not overload piping components and cause

flange failure. (Flange leakages)

Mechanical Analysis and Design

Purpose of Piping Stress Analysis

Piping has weight, temperature and pressure,

therefore, displacement occur and cause
stress
Force is generated

Force is loaded on
supports and civil
structure

Force is loaded on the

connecting equipment
Piping stress is
generated

Purpose of Piping Stress

Analysis

Safety of Piping and Piping

Components.

Safety of Connected Equipment &

Structure.

Limit the Piping deflection within

allowable range.

Safety of Piping & Piping

Components

Safety of Connected Equipment &

Structure.
Push

Vessel & Reactor

Distortion
Elongation

Force

Force

Safety of Connected Equipment &

Structure.

Nozzle
Nozzle

Pump
Coupling = Connection between motor
shaft and pump shaft

Motor

FORCE
Nozzle

Nozzle

FORCE

Shaft

Limit the piping deflection

within
allowable range

Mechanical Analysis
Mechanical Analysis include two types of analysis i.e.
Dynamic Analysis
Static Analysis
In JDL we are doing only

STATIC ANALYSIS

Static Analysis

STATIC
ANALYSIS

SUSTAINED
ANALYSIS

THERMAL
ANALYSIS

Static Analysis
SUSTAINED
ANALYSIS

DEAD
WEIGHT

INSULATIO
N WEIGHT

WATER
WEIGHT

SERVICE
WEIGHT

Static Analysis
THERMAL
ANALYSIS

TEMPERATURE

PRESSURE

CYCLIC
CONDITIONS

PROCESS
REACTION
FORCES

Dynamic Analysis
DYNAMIC
ANALYSIS

FREQUENC
Y

PULSATION

VIBRATION

Control of Piping Stresses (1/3)

Hoop Stress:
To control hoop stress pipe wall thickness should be
more than the minimum required wall thickness
determined from hope stress relation. This is done at
basic design phase

Control of Piping Stresses (2/3)

Bending due to weight+Axial stress due
to pressure:
This sum should be less than the
material allowable stress. Axial stress due
to pressure can not be reduced, so we
can only reduce bending due to weight.
This is done providing adequate supports.
This component loosely depend upon the
lay-out of the line. By following maximum
support span we can ensure safety of
piping against this component of stress

Control of Piping Stresses (3/3)

Thermal Loads:
Stresses from combination of bending and torsion
should not exceed allowable Stress
To control this component of stress, we need to add
flexibility of the system and this strongly depend upon
the lay-out of the system. We therefore have to
evaluate and analyze this component in detail.

OUTPUT

INPUT
P&ID
Line Condition
Material Spec
Equipment DWG
Piping Layout
Support DWG
Bellow
Plot Plan
Weight Data
Impact Force
Wind Load
Seismic Load
Settlement
Nozzle stiffness
Deflection of Structure
etc.

ANALYSIS

Not only the strength of

equipment /piping but
also economical design
of pipe rack/structure
shall be considered.

Piping Stress
Nozzle Load
Flange leak check
Piping Information
Support Selection
Data Sheet
Spring Support, etc.
Layout Change
Support Change,etc.

Code stress equationsSustained stress equation

Expansion Stress equation
Occasional Stress equation
Theory of failuresMaximum shear stress theory-Tresca Theory
Maximum distortion energy theory-Von Mises
Theory
Nozzle EvaluationsAPI 610 Pump Nozzle Evaluation
NEMA SM 23 Turbine and Compressor Nozzle
Evaluation
Skewed Nozzle Evaluation
Nozzle Alignment Check
WRC 107 and 297 Calculation
Flange Leakage Calculation- Equivalent Pressure Method
ASME Section VIII Div-1Appendix P

Piping supports application

SIF for branch connections and trunnion supports
Special pipe support strength checking calculation
Weld Joint strength check
Buckling calculations for supports
Moment of Inertia and section modulus calculation
Allowable load calculation for stopper and guides supports
Spring support sizing and selection
Strut support application
Introduction to finite element methods
3-D Beam element for pipe modeling
Global element and local element difference

NOZZLE LOADING
Allowable nozzle loading data is provided by
equipment manufacturers.
Nozzle loading data for most of the equipments in
FFBL Ammonia plant is not available.
Vessels / Heat Exchangers
297

WRC BULLETIN 107 /

Centrifugal Compressors API 617

Centrifugal Pumps
Steam Turbines

API 610
NEMA SM-23

Loads on Equipment Nozzle

Allowable loads limited by governing code and standard
like API 610, NEMA, API 66 and API 617 etc
Allowable loads limited by vendor
Actual loads verified by vendor

Nozzle displacement & allowable stress

from equipment dep. /to equipment dep.

Stress Group Working

Procedure
LDT
Stress Dept.
Selection Criteria

Critical Line List

Not Accepted

Analysis

Information by Piping Layout Modification

Piping Dept.

Computer Analysis
Flow
Selection of Line
Stress Iso. Preparation
Data Input &Analysis
Change of Pipe
Support or Rout

Evaluation of Analysis Result

Accepted

Piping Dept.

Work Flow of Analysis

OK
Modeling

Analysis
CAESAR-II

Evaluation
Nozzle
Stress
Support

Completion

NG
Recalculation cant be avoided

Change of layout
Change of input

Work Flow of Piping Stress

Flow of Stress ISO

Stress Group

Lay-Out group

Process Initiated if Anything in

"Engineer's Scope" Changed

Process Initiated by Designer

Input of "Designer's Scope"

Input of "Engineer's Scope"
Initial Sketck

Master Sketch
Assign Next
Rev No

Analysis
Modified Master Sketch
Update
Master
Sketch

Prepare New
Sketch in case
of major change

Prepare
Information Sketch

Information Sketch

Modify in case of minor change

Note 1
Revised Sketch

Revised Sketch

Legend:
Keep copy of previous revision
Retain copy
Keep Original
Keep scanned image in relevant folder
Note 1:

Stress Engineer may temporarily hang the process if, in his opinion, the change would not have considerable impact on analysis results
and later on resume the process at Final Check stage or when there are sufficient changes which can have impact on analysis results

Interfaces of Piping Stress Group

Process
Client
Process Conditions
Specifications for Stress Analysis

Weights etc

Stress Reports for Approval

Civil

Special Items
Vendors

Spring Hangers specifications

Loads on Structure
Structure drawings

Piping Stress
Group

Actual Nozzle
Loads for
Verification

Changes in Pipe Route/Supports

Pipe Route, Support Locations

Allowable Loads, General

Arrangement

Mechanical
Equipment
Vendor

Piping Lay-out
Group

MTO of special items

Piping Bulk Material
Specifications

Piping Material
Group

Monitoring and Control

Selection of Lines
Preparation of Schedule
Measurement of Progress

From Process Department.

CALCULATION
NO

DIAMETER

FLUID
CODE

LINEITEM

CLASS
A

CALCULATION

OUT OF

CATEGORY

CATEGORY

GENERAL ROTARY

389

C1-008
C1-008
C1-009
C1-009
C1-009
C1-011

DIA FL_CODE

2
6
8
8
8
14

AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM

214

11330110
11330110
11330107
11330108
11330109
11330183

CS001
CS001
CS001
CS001
CS001
BR001

89

C
TANK

87

B1
B1
z
B2
B2
Z

LOCATION
FROM

TO

P
H

11330PA003A/B
11330PA003A/B
11330VE001
11330107
11330107
11330HA005C

11330VE001
11330VE001
11330108
11330PA003A
11330PA003B
11330VJ001

AMINE
AMINE
AMINE
AMINE
AMINE
AMINE

SERVICE
P
H

PRESS.
(BARG)

TEMP.
()

AMINE
AMINE
AMINE
AMINE
AMINE
AMINE

L
L
L
L
L
M

72.50
72.50
68.30
68.30
68.30
6.80

55.0
55.0
53.0
53.0
53.0
110.0

PRESS.
(BARG)

TEMP.
( )

DESIGNCOND'N

OPERATINGCOND'N

DESIGNCOND'N

OPERATINGCOND'N

SERVICE

MIN.
PRESS.

MAX.
PRESS.

MIN.
TEMP.

MAX.
TEMP.

(BARG)

(BARG)

()

()

-------------

82.00
82.00
79.00
82.00
82.00
15.50

-29.0
-29.0
-29.0
-29.0
-29.0
---

100.0
100.0
80.0
100.0
100.0
135.0

L
L
L
L
L
M

72.50
72.50
68.30
68.30
68.30
6.80

55.0
55.0
53.0
53.0
53.0
110.0

INSULATION
STEAM FLUID
OUT DENSITY
(Y/N)
(KG/M3)

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

985.0
985.0
982.0
985.0
985.0
854.0

MIN.
PRESS.

MAX.
PRESS.

(BARG)

(BARG)

-------------

82.00
82.00
79.00
82.00
82.00
15.50

Starting a Calcultation
Confirm all the inputs (Temp., Press. etc.)
Check material and Corrosion allowance from Mat.
Spec.
Understand the Sketch completely
Confirm the components from P&ID
Fill Checklist
Name the Calculation

115

Modeling Details
Unit File
Configuration File

116

Modeling Details..contd.
Check From P & ID and LDT
Understanding the Sketch
Node Numbering

117

118

Learnings
Basic temperature
Restraints

Guides
Struts
Hangers

119

Learnings ..contd.
Elbows
Flange Pairs
Use of CNode

120

Learnings ..contd.
Branching
SIF

SIF at both points

With pad thickness
of run pipe

121

Analysis

Code compliance
Displacements
Restraints Summary
Nozzle Evaluation
Nozzle Alignment
Flange Leakage

122

Analysis
Selection criteria for stress critical lines
Designer specification(K Plant document for selection of stress
critical lines)
B-31.3 Code selection criteria

123

Analysis(Exemption)
Formal Analysis not required when according to 319.4.1
B31.3.

124

Analysis(Exemption)
Example

125

Analysis(Flexibility Stresses)

According to 319.4.4 B-31.3.

126

Analysis(Flexibility Stresses)

127

Analysis(Flexibility Stresses)

128

Analysis(Flexibility Stresses)

129

Analysis(Allowable Displacement
Stress range)
According to 302.3.5(d) B-31.3.

Example-3.2:
130

Analysis(Allowable Displacement
Stress range)
Example:

131

Analysis(special)

Harmonic Analysis
Cold Sprung method
Effect of pipe support friction on piping
Single,Multi degree freedom systems
Piping around rotary and stationery equipment
Effect of insulation on piping
Effect of ambient temperature on undergroundpiping
Thrust Blocks
Difference b/w steady state analysis, response spectra
method and time history analysis
How to calculate wind loads and earthquake
loads(Graph)
132

PROBLEM DEMONSTRATION

Vessel A
Dia: 50
Op. Temp: 400 F
Op. Pressure: 400 PSI
Material: Carbon Steel

Interconnecting
Pipe
Dia: 14 STD
Op. Temp: 350 F
Op. Pressure: 300 PSI
Material: Carbon
Steel

Vessel B
Dia: 50
Op. Temp: 400 F
Op. Pressure: 400 PSI
Material: Carbon Steel

PROBLEM DEMONSTRATION

Maximum Thermal Stresses

Calculated

15992

Allowable

30000

PROBLEM
DEMONSTRATOIN
Effect of thermal
displacement!!!

PROBLEM DEMONSTRATION
Imagine the amount of thrust acting on vessel nozzles.

Calculations indicate that 385 Kips force is acting on

nozzles in axial direction.
Can Vessels support this much force?

WRC 107 ANALYSIS

A WRC 107 analysis reveals nozzle / shell
intersection failure under 385 Kips load.
Maximum allowable axial thrust force is 240 Kips

Applied Nozzle Load

385 Kips

Allowable Nozzle Load

240 Kips

Ratio

1.6

INCREASING FLEXIBILITY
An expansion loop is introduced to increase the
flexibility.

INCREASING FLEXIBILITY
Thermal displacement is transferred to
expansion loop.

Note the position of vessels.

INCREASING FLEXIBILITY

Applied Nozzle Load

Allowable Nozzle
Load
Ratio

65 Kips
240 Kips
0.27

Applied nozzle loads are well below the allowable

limits.

INCREASING FLEXIBILITY

Unsaf
e
Design

Safe
Design

To limit the loads using Pipe

Supports

To limit the stresses using expansion loops

Flexibility Requirements

Expansion Loop

To limit the stresses using expansion loops

To limit the stresses using expansion loops

Suppo
rts
(1) Spring Support :
(2) Sliding Plate :

Compressor nozzle

Spring
Support

Spring Support

Sliding
Plate

Movement

for CS CS=0.3
for SS PTFE=0.1
SS plate (Mirror Finished)
PTFE plate

F= M

Loading

from Piping dep. to Civil Dep.

Point No
E82
E77
E81 N
E04
E05
E06
E07
E08
E10
E11
E14
E16
E17
E19
E21
E22
E29
E30
E31
E32
E33
E34
E36
E37

Support form combination froce directionforce (N)

V - Stop
WPT
down
2
V - Stop
WPT
down
- 11008
V - Stop
WPT
down
- 11064
V - Stop
WPT
down
10579
V - Stop
WPT
down
3297
V - Stop
WPT
down
1342
V - Stop
WPT
down
0
V - Stop
WPT
down
- 540
V - Stop
WPT
down
- 631
V - Stop
WPT
down
0
V - Stop
WPT
down
2633
V - Stop
WPT
down
14530
V - Stop
WPT
down
9477
V - Stop
WPT
down
7153
V - Stop
WPT
down
447
V - Stop
WPT
down
0
V - Stop
WPT
down
0
V - Stop
WPT
down
4686
V - Stop
WPT
down
1341
V - Stop
WPT
down
496
V - Stop
WPT
down
0
V - Stop
WPT
down
- 140
V - Stop
WPT
down
- 54
V - Stop
WPT
down
- 33

FFL
CAPABILITIES
Capable of carrying out complete (primary +
secondary) stress analysis.
Analysis is carried out with utmost care to ensure
a safe design.
Analysis of critical piping is validated by Haldor
Topsoe.
FFBL has recently acquired Bentley Autopipe
software
Piping is designed in full compliance with ASME
B31.3.

References:
JPEP-0-1360-G-(5211----5332)
ASME B31.3 (Process Piping)

Thank you!