CS 31 Introduction to Programming

CS 31:
Introduction to
Computer Science I
Topic 1
Introduction to
Programming
CS 31: Introduction To CS I
Topic 1: Introduction to Programming
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JAR 1-1
Introduction to Programming
PROGRAMMING
PROCESS
EXAMPLE
Driving a Car
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Programming Process Example
Types of Contol
Sequential: Step-by-step
Selection: One of choices
Repetition: Repeated step
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Program Control Flow
Sequential
One Step at a Time
Begin
Compute
Compute
Compute
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Compute
End
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Selection
One of Choices
Begin
Condition
Compute
End
Compute
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Repetition
Repeated Step
Begin
Initialize
Compute
Update
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Condition
End
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Composition
Replace any Sequential Step
with
Two or more Sequential Steps,
a Selection, or a Repetition
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Composition
Example
Guess a Number Between 0 and 100
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Example
Start
Set
Set
G to 50
C to 25
G = N?
G < N?
Subtract
C from G
C is the current change
Done:
Add
Divide
N is the chosen number
G is N
C to G
C by 2
G is the current guess
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Programming Steps
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Specification:
Description of the Task
Analysis:
Understanding the Task
Test Data:
Complete Set of Tests
Design:
Data and Algorithms
Implement:
Write the Program
Test and Debug: Make It Work
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Algorithm Design
Tools
Flow Charts
Pseudocode
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Algorithm Design
Flow Charts
Graphical Symbols
Easy to Visualize Flow
Difficult to Draw in Comments
Examples: Flow of Control Diagrams
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Algorithm Design
Flow Chart Example

Start
Set
Set
G to 50
C to 25
G = N?
G < N?
Subtract
C from G
C is the current change
Done:
Add
Divide
N is the chosen number
G is N
C to G
C by 2
G is the current guess
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Algorithm Design
Pseudocode
Structured Natural Language
Easy to Understand
Easy to Use in Comments
Example: Following Program Comments
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Algorithm Design
Pseudocode Example
1.
2.
3.
4.
Set the guess to 50.

Set the change to 25.
If the guess is the number, DONE!
If the guess is less than the number,
add the change to the guess.
5. If the guess is greater than the number,
subtract the change from the guess
6. Divide the change by 2.
7. Go to Step 3.
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Algorithm Design
Pseudocode Example
// Get the input values
// If the input values are not valid
// Display an error message
// Else
// For each input value
// Calculate the result
// Display the results
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Programming Basics
Programming Practices
Design before implementing
Use comments liberally
Develop and test incrementally
Reuse functions
Start early
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Programming Basics
Learning to Program
Program
Program
Program
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Programming Language Levels
Machine vs. Human

Machine Language
Assembly Language
High-Level Language
Natural Language
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Machine Language
Language of the Computer

Consists of 0s and 1s
Machine Dependent
Lowest Level
No Limits
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Assembly Language
Simplified Computer Language

Consists of Symbols and Operations
Machine Dependent
Second Lowest Level
No Limits: Same as Machine Language
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High-Level Language
Mathematical Language
Consists of Mathematical Statements
Machine Independent (Mostly)
Highest Level (Except Natural)
Limited Capability: Not All Operations
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Uses
Machine Language:
Assembly Language:
High-Level Language:
Natural Language:
Debugging Only
Critical Tasks
Most Common
Not Yet
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Examples
High-Level:
Sum = First + Second;
Assembly:
LOAD
ADD
STORE
Machine:
210A = 0010000100001010
410B = 0010000100001011
310C = 0011000100001100
First
Second
Sum
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JAR 1-24
Compilation Process
High-Level Machine
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Enter high-level program

Translate to Assembly Language
Translate to Machine Language
Combine with Library Functions
Load into Computer
Run Program
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Compilation Process
C++
Files
Obj/Asm
Files
Compiler
Obj
Asm
Source
Files
Assembler
Object
Files
Library
Files
Linker
Execute
File
Loader
Main
Memory
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JAR 1-26
Compilation Process
User Steps
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Enter high-level program with editor

Compile the program
Fix the syntactic errors
Run the program
Fix the semantic errors
Complete the documentation
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JAR 1-27
High-Level Languages
Many Types
FORTRAN:
First, Mathematical
COBOL:
Early, English-Like
LISP,SNOBOL: Special-Purpose
ADA:
DOD Standard
C:
Operating System Implementation
C++: Object-Oriented Programming
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High-Level Languages
C/C++
C:
C++: Enhancement of C
Object-Oriented Programming
Language for this Course
Invented to Program UNIX O. S.

General Purpose
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Functions and Programs
Function
A single unit of computation
Accomplishes one thing
May use other functions
May produce a result
Sequence of statements
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Functions and Programs
Program
Implementation of a complete solution
Solves a specified problem
Includes input and output
May use functions
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C++ Basics
Keywords/Identifiers
Requirements
Letter or _ followed by letters, _, & digits

Case sensitive
Unlimited length:
Compiler may use 32
Conventions
Dont begin with _: Used by compiler

Multiple words:
Capitalize or use _
Constants:
Capitalize
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C++ Basics
Keywords/Identifiers
Identifiers:
Keywords:
Examples:
Invalid:
Names of data
Identifiers reserved for
specific language use
x, data1, myName, ab123c,
big_variable, v1234
3z, XY 3, #a3
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C++ Basics
Data Types
Hardware
Integer:
Real:
int
float Limited precision
double Extended precision
Character: char One character only
Software
Logical:
bool
True or False
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C++ Basics
Integer Data
Discrete values
Counting numbers
Positive, negative, or zero
Values specified by decimal digits
No decimal point
Examples: 24, -80, 0, 16
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C++ Basics
Real Data
Continuous values
Positive, negative, or zero
Values specified by decimal digits
Optional decimal point
Optional scientific notation
Examples: 3.14, -25.8, 0, 123, -3.45e8
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C++ Basics
Boolean Data
True or False only

true and false are keywords in C++
No Boolean data type in C
False represented by zero value
True represented by any nonzero value
True value of one generated by compiler
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JAR 1-37
C++ Basics
Character Data
Single items of a character set

Machine-dependent: Based on hardware
ASCII/ANSI
EBCDIC
Unicode
Characters are enclosed in single quotes
Examples: 'A', 'z', '3', '*', ' ', '~'
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C++ Basics
String Data
Zero or more items of a character set

Can be empty (No characters)
Can be one character
Can be multiple characters
Strings are enclosed in double quotes
Examples: "A String", " ", "", "AbC!#21"
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C++ Basics
Characters vs. Strings
Characters: Built-in to C++

char data type
Single character only
Enclosed in single quotes
Strings: Available using #include string

string data type
Zero or more characters
Enclosed in double quotes
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C++ Basics
Constants and Variables
Elementary unit of information

Single data item
Name is an identifier
Type is specified in declaration
Constant is not changed once defined
Variable is set by computation
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C++ Basics
Literals
Constant unit of information

Single data item
Specific value
Integer: Decimal number; No decimal point
Float: Decimal number; With decimal point
Character: One character of set
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C++ Basics
Literal Examples
Integer:
Float:
Double:
Long Dbl:
Character:
String:
80
8.42F, 8.42f, 8.42E2F, 8.42e2f
16.24, 1.624E1, 1.624e1
8.42L, 8.42l, 8.42E2L, 8.42e2l
'*'
"String Literal"
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JAR 1-43
C++ Basics
Escape Sequences
Characters with special meaning
Specified in C++ with preceding backslash
Limited set
\n
\'
\"
\\
\0
Newline
Single Quote
Double Quote
Backslash
Character String (Null) Terminator
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JAR 1-44
C++ Basics
Data Declaration
Must be declared before use
Give compiler information about the data
Name
Type
Size (Not for elementary data types)
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C++ Basics
Data Declaration Examples
int
int
float
double
bool
char
i;
x1, x2, abc;
f1, volts, power;
weight, v3, inp;
state;
ch, letter;
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C++ Basics
Data Initialization
Must be initialized before first use
Two ways to initialize
Declaration
Assignment
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C++ Basics
Data Initialization Examples
int
int
float
double
bool
char
i = 0;
x1 = 3, x2 = -5, abc = 3 * 5 + 9;
f1 = 0, volts = 120.5, power = 0.1;
weight = 100, v3 = 0.03, inp = -2;
state = false;
ch = '*', letter = 'X';
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JAR 1-48
C++ Basics
Arithmetic Operators
Unary syntax
operator Operand: -value
Binary syntax
Operand operator Operand: a + 5
Parentheses
(number)
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JAR 1-49
C++ Basics
Arithmetic Operators
+
*
/
%
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Modulus, Remainder
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JAR 1-50
C++ Basics
Division
Two integer operands Integer result

Example: 12 / 5 = 2
Two real operands Real result
Example: 12.0 / 5.0 = 2.4
Mixed operands Real result
Example: 12.0 / 5 = 2.4
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JAR 1-51
C++ Basics
Data Hierarchy
int/char
float
double
long double
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JAR 1-52
C++ Basics
Increment and Decrement
++ Preincrement/Postincrement
Preincrement: Increment before use
Postincrement: Increment after use
--
Predecrement/Postdecrement
Postdecrement: Decrement before use

Postdecrement: Decrement after use
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JAR 1-53
C++ Basics
Expressions
Operands and operators

Arithmetic calculations
Type conversion where allowed
Implicit: Automatic
Explicit: Cast
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JAR 1-54
C++ Basics
Expression Examples
var1
item1 * 5
a * (b + c)
0.5 * base * height
x * (p * q / (m n) + t)
var = (num / div) * div
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JAR 1-55
C++ Basics
Automatic Type Conversion
Promotion: No loss of accuracy

Example: Integer Float
10 Float variable becomes 10.0
Demotion: May lose accuracy

Example: Float Integer
10.1 Integer variable becomes 10
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JAR 1-56
C++ Basics
C++ Statements
Terminated by semicolon
One action
Assignment
Input/Output
Control
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C++ Basics
Assignment Statement
Set the value of a variable

Variable name (identifier) on left side
= operator
Value expression on right
Examples: value = 1.23;
data = base + 5;
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C++ Basics
Assignment Statement
Order of evaluation not guaranteed

a + b is the same as b + a
Problem: n + (++n): Avoid this use
Shorthand notation for some statements

Variable value changed by +, -, *, /, or %
Form is variable += expression;
Same as variable = variable + expression;
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JAR 1-59
C++ Basics
Assignment Examples
ans = factor1 * factor2;

q = v1 + v2 * (v3 + v4 / v5);
d2 += 16;
z *= size1 base;
a *= PI * r;
r %= d;
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JAR 1-60
C++ Basics
Basic String Operations
Declaration: string string1;

string string2, string3;
Initialization: string string4 = "A String";
Assignment: string1 = "";
string2 = "Another string";
string3 = string4;
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JAR 1-61
C++ Basics
Console Input/Output
Uses iostream library

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
Input: cin stream extraction operator

Output: cout stream insertion operator
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JAR 1-62
C++ Basics
Console Input: cin
Reads values from keyboard (stdin)

Values separated by white space
Space, tab, or newline
Lines ended with newline (<return>)

Examples
cin >> myData;
cin >> firstValue >> secondValue;
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C++ Basics
Console Input: cin
Input values can be on multiple lines

Each input variable receives one item
Examples
Single line:
Multiple lines:
297 3.15 -12.574<return>

297 3.15<return>
-12.574<return>
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C++ Basics
Console Input: cin.ignore()
May need to advance to next line

Must skip over newline at end of line
cin.ignore provides the capability
Skip up to 10000 character to newline
Stop on first character of next line
cin.ignore(10000, '\n');
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JAR 1-65
C++ Basics
Console Output: cout
Displays values on the screen (stdout)

Strings, values, and expressions
Multiple items not separated
End lines with \n or endl (preferred)
Example: cout << "Example" << endl;
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C++ Basics
Number formatting is automatic

Compiler decides what format to use
Can be explicitly controlled: e.g. 123.45
cout.setf(ios::fixed);
cout.setf(ios::showpoint);
cout.precision(2);
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JAR 1-67
C++ Basics
Output lines ended explicitly

No new line unless specified
One statement: Multiple output lines
cout << a << endl << b << endl;
Multiple statements: One output line

cout << a; cout << " "; cout << b << endl;
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C++ Basics
Use cout for text prompts

cout << "Enter a value: ";
cin >> myValue;
End final output with end of line

cout << endl;
Puts subsequent output on next line
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C++ Basics
Console Output: cerr
Alternate output to screen (stderr)

Works like cout
Can be redirected to different file
Example
cerr << "Error message!" << endl;
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JAR 1-70
C++ Basics
Console I/O Example

cout << "Enter data value:";
cin >> value;
cout << "The value is "
<< value
<< endl;
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JAR 1-71
C++ Basics
More String Operations
String length: string.length() or string.size()

Single character extraction: string[0]
Substring: string.substr(start)
Substring: string.substr(start, count)
String output: cout << string;
String input: cin >> string;
(1 Word)
String input: getline(cin, string); (1 Line)
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C++ Basics
String Operation Examples
string st = "Data string";

st.length() or st.size() is 11
st[0] is 'D'
st[6] is 't
st[11] does not exist
st.substr(3) is "a string
st.substr(8,2) is "in
st.substr(9,3) is illegal
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JAR 1-73
C++ Basics
String Input
cin >> string;

Reads one word: Up to white space
Stops on white space character
getline(cin, string);
Reads one complete line
Stops on first character of next line
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JAR 1-74
C++ Basics
String Input Examples
Input line: This is some text

string st1, st2, st3;
getline(cin, st1) puts
"This is some text" in st1
and stops at the start of the next line
cin >> st2; cin >> st3; puts
"This" in st2 and "is" in st3
and stops at the space after "is"
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C++ Basics
Libraries
Provide built-in capabilities

Included by preprocessor
Made available with #include statement
Examples
#include <iostream> Stream input/output
#include <string>
Strings
#include <cstlib>exit, rand, and other
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C++ Basics
Namespaces
Provide "last names" for identifiers

Resolve name conflicts with libraries
Standard libraries use std
Namespace name specified with using
Example: using namespace std;
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JAR 1-77
C++ Basics
Comments
Two types can be intermixed

Single line comments (preferred)
Begin with //
End at end of line
Multiple line comments (alternate)

Begin with /*
End with */
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C++ Basics
Comment Examples
// This is a single-line comment

x = 1; // This is a partial-line comment
/*
This is a mulitple-line comment
There can be many lines
This is the last line of the comment
*/
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JAR 1-79
C++ Basics
Programming Style
Write understandable code

Use meaningful data names
Use names for constants
Use comments liberally
Protect against user errors
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JAR 1-80
UPDATES
Constant & Variable Examples
More Example Programs
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JAR 1-81

CS 31 Introduction to Programming

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CS 31:

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Program Control Flow

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Program Control Flow

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Program Control Flow

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Program Control Flow

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Program Control Flow

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Program Control Flow

C is the current change

N is the chosen number

G is the current guess

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Flow Chart Example

C is the current change

N is the chosen number

G is the current guess

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Set the guess to 50.

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Programming Language Levels

Machine vs. Human

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Programming Language Levels

Language of the Computer

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Programming Language Levels

Simplified Computer Language

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Programming Language Levels

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Programming Language Levels

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Programming Language Levels

Sum = First + Second;

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Enter high-level program

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Enter high-level program with editor

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Invented to Program UNIX O. S.

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Functions and Programs

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Functions and Programs

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Letter or _ followed by letters, _, & digits

Dont begin with _: Used by compiler