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Tendencies
Numbers which, in some sense, give
the central or middle values of the
data
locates the center of the distribution
of a set of data
the most typical value of a set of
data
representative value of a given set
of data
Mean
arithmetic
mean / average
the sum of the values
divided by the number of
values which were
added.
Mean of ungrouped
data
x1 x2 x3 ... xn
x
Where
-xsample mean
xi - ith observation/item in the sample
n - number of observations in the sampl
Mean of ungrouped
data
7 11 11 8 12 7 6 6 68
x
8.5
8
8
Mean of ungrouped
data
Weighted Mean
Examples of uses of weighted mean are in
computing term GPA and in getting the mean
responses for a Likert-type of questions.
x1 (w1 ) x2 (w2 ) x3 (w3 ) ... xn (wn )
xw
w1 w2 w3 ... wn
Likert-type questions
It is used if the researcher wants
to know the feelings or
opinions of the respondents
regarding any topic or issues of
interest.
Likert-type questions
5
4
3
2
1
Choices are:
(SA) Strongly agree
(A) Agree
(N) Neutral
(D) Disagree
(SD) Strongly disagree
Likert-type questions
Likert-Type Mean Interpretation
1.00 1.79 Strongly Disagree
1.80 2.59 Disagree
2.60 3.39 Neutral
3.40 4.19 Agree
4.20 5.00 Strongly Agree
11
10
4 16
5 17
Grand Mean
Interpretati
x
on
4.25Strongly Agree
4.40Strongly Agree
3.50
Agree
4.80Strongly Agree
4.85Strongly Agree
4.36Strongly Agree
12
22
23
33
34
44
45
Freq.
(f)
4
7
6
2
1
659
32.95
20
Class
Mark
(Xm)
17
28
39
50
61
fXm
68
196
234
100
61
659
Characteristics of the
Mean
1. It can be calculated for any set of numerical
data, so it always exist.
Median
median of a data is defined to be the middle value.
[(n 1) / 2]th term
when n is odd
%
x
(n / 2)th term + [(n/2)+1]th term
when n is even
Median
7+8
x
7.5
2
Median
olution:
The solution is already arranged in ascending order.
Since n = 7 (odd), thenx% [(n 1) / 2]th term
(n + 1)/2 = (7 + 1)/2 = 4.
Thus,
% 4th term
x
= 25
Characteristics
1. The score or class in a distribution,
below which 50% of the score fall and
above which another 50% lie.
2. Not affected by extreme or
deviant values.
3. Appropriate to use when there are
extreme or deviant values.
Median
ration:
18, 22, 25, 25, 26, 29, 45
Mode
1. It is used when we want to find the
value which occurs most often.
Mode
Examples
Comparison
Factor
Type of
data
Mean
Median
Mode
Quantitativ Quantitativ Quantitativ
e
e
e and
Qualitative
Yes
No
No
Extreme
score
problem
Always
Yes
measurabl
e
Number of
1
score
Characteris All scores
tics
included in
Yes
No
0,1,2
Middle
value
Popular
value
Steps:
1.) Construct the < cumulative
frequency distribution.
2.) Starting from the top, locate
the class with the <cf greater than
or equal to n/2 for the first time.
median class
+i
where
Steps:
1.) Locate the modal class.
The modal class is the class
with the highest frequency
+i
where
class
i= class width
= frequency of the modal class
= frequency of the class preceding the
modal class
= frequency of the class following the modal class
Class
42-48
49-55
56-62
63-69
70-76
77-83
84-90
91-97
Freq
4
12
22
27
17
9
8
1
Percentiles
Percentiles
Percentiles
Deciles
values
Deciles
Quartiles
values
Example
The surveyed weights (in
kilograms) of the students in Stat
231 were the following: 69, 70, 75,
66, 83, 88, 66, 63, 61, 68, 73, 57,
52, 58, and 77. Compute
1.) P23
5.) Q3
2.) P85
6.) Q1
3.) D30
4.) D90
+c
where