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Measures of Central

Tendencies
Numbers which, in some sense, give
the central or middle values of the
data
locates the center of the distribution
of a set of data
the most typical value of a set of
data
representative value of a given set
of data

Mean

arithmetic
mean / average
the sum of the values
divided by the number of
values which were
added.

Mean of ungrouped
data
x1 x2 x3 ... xn
x

Where
-xsample mean
xi - ith observation/item in the sample
n - number of observations in the sampl

Mean of ungrouped
data

Example 1: find the mean of the sample:


7, 11, 11, 8, 12, 7, 6, 6
x1 x2 x3 ... xn
x

7 11 11 8 12 7 6 6 68
x

8.5
8
8

The sample mean is 8.5

Mean of ungrouped
data

Example 2: find the mean o


his sample:
18, 22, 25, 25, 26, 29, 45

Weighted Mean
Examples of uses of weighted mean are in
computing term GPA and in getting the mean
responses for a Likert-type of questions.
x1 (w1 ) x2 (w2 ) x3 (w3 ) ... xn (wn )
xw
w1 w2 w3 ... wn

Where xw - weighted mean


xi - ith observation/item in the sample
wi weight of the ith observation

Likert-type questions
It is used if the researcher wants
to know the feelings or
opinions of the respondents
regarding any topic or issues of
interest.

Likert-type questions
5
4
3
2
1

Choices are:
(SA) Strongly agree
(A) Agree
(N) Neutral
(D) Disagree
(SD) Strongly disagree

Check appropriate box


1

Student nurses serve as role models for


their patients and the public.

Student nurses should set a good example


by not smoking.

Patient's chances of quitting smoking are


increased if a student nurses advises
him or her to quit.

Smoking is harmful to your health.

Smoking other tobacco products is harmful


to a persons health.

Likert-type questions
Likert-Type Mean Interpretation
1.00 1.79 Strongly Disagree
1.80 2.59 Disagree
2.60 3.39 Neutral
3.40 4.19 Agree
4.20 5.00 Strongly Agree

11

10

4 16

5 17

Grand Mean

Interpretati
x
on
4.25Strongly Agree
4.40Strongly Agree

3.50

Agree

4.80Strongly Agree
4.85Strongly Agree
4.36Strongly Agree

4.25 4.40 3.50 4.80 4.85


4.36
5

Mean for Grouped Data


f X
x
n

Where f frequency of the


class
X Class Mark
n sample size

Mean for Grouped Data


f X
x
n
Classes

12
22
23
33
34
44
45

Freq.
(f)
4
7
6
2
1

659

32.95
20

Class
Mark
(Xm)
17
28
39
50
61

fXm
68
196
234
100
61
659

Characteristics of the
Mean
1. It can be calculated for any set of numerical
data, so it always exist.

2. A set of numerical data has one and only one mean.


3. It is the most reliable since it takes into account
every item in the set of data.

4. It is greatly affected by extreme or deviant values.

Median
median of a data is defined to be the middle value.
[(n 1) / 2]th term
when n is odd

%
x
(n / 2)th term + [(n/2)+1]th term
when n is even

Thus, when n is odd, the median is the


center observation.
When n is even, it is the average of the two
center observations.
Note: it is important to arrange first the
sample in ascending order before getting
the median.

Median

Example 3: find the median of the this sample:


7, 11, 11, 8, 12, 7, 6, 6
Solution:
Arrange the observations in ascending order.
6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 11, 11, 12
%
x
Since n = 8 (even), then

(n / 2)th term + [(n/2)+1]th term


2

n/2 = 8/2 = 4 and (n/2) + 1=(8/2)+1=5


Thus,
4th term + 5th term
%
x

7+8
x
7.5
2

The sample median is 7.5

Median

ample 4: find the median of this sample:


18, 22, 25, 25, 26, 29, 45

olution:
The solution is already arranged in ascending order.
Since n = 7 (odd), thenx% [(n 1) / 2]th term
(n + 1)/2 = (7 + 1)/2 = 4.
Thus,

% 4th term
x

= 25

The sample median is 25

Characteristics
1. The score or class in a distribution,
below which 50% of the score fall and
above which another 50% lie.
2. Not affected by extreme or
deviant values.
3. Appropriate to use when there are
extreme or deviant values.

Median

ration:
18, 22, 25, 25, 26, 29, 45

mpare the mean (example 2) and the median (exa


e above sample.
Mean = 27.1
Median = 25

ich is the better measure of central tendency in this


ple? Why?

Mode
1. It is used when we want to find the
value which occurs most often.

2. It is a quick approximation of the average.


3. It is an inspection average.
4. It is the most unreliable among the
three measures of central tendency
because its value is undefined in
some
observations.

Mode

Examples

2. The ages of 5 students are:


1. The following are the
No Mode
descriptive evaluation17, 18, 23, 20, & 19
of 5 teachers.
3. The grades of 5 students
Teacher
are: 4.0, 3.5, 4.0, 3.5, & 1.0
Evaluation
Mode: 4.0 & 3.5
A
4.
The
weight
of
5
persons
VS
in pounds are:
B
117, 218, 233, 120, & 117
S
Mode: 117
C
Mode: VS
VS
D

Comparison
Factor
Type of
data

Mean
Median
Mode
Quantitativ Quantitativ Quantitativ
e
e
e and
Qualitative
Yes
No
No

Extreme
score
problem
Always
Yes
measurabl
e
Number of
1
score
Characteris All scores
tics
included in

Yes

No

0,1,2

Middle
value

Popular
value

(Grouped)Approximating the Median from the Freq. Distribution Table

Steps:
1.) Construct the < cumulative
frequency distribution.
2.) Starting from the top, locate
the class with the <cf greater than
or equal to n/2 for the first time.
median class

3.) Approximate using the formula:

+i

where

= the lower class boundary of the median class


i= class width
n=total no. of observations
= less than cumulative freq of the class
preceding the median class
= frequency of the median class

Approximating the Mode from the Freq.


Distribution Table

Steps:
1.) Locate the modal class.
The modal class is the class
with the highest frequency

2.) Approximate using the formula:

+i

where

= the lower class boundary of the modal

class
i= class width
= frequency of the modal class
= frequency of the class preceding the
modal class
= frequency of the class following the modal class

Find the mean, median and mode.


FDT of Final grades of 100 Math 103 students

Class
42-48
49-55
56-62
63-69
70-76
77-83
84-90
91-97

Freq
4
12
22
27
17
9
8
1

Measures of Location or Fractiles

-values below which a specified


fraction or percentage of the
observations in a given set must fall.

Percentiles
Percentiles

are values that divide


a set of observations in an array
into 100 equal parts.

Percentiles

Sort all observations in ascending order


Compute the position L = (K/100) * N, where N
is the total number of observations.
If L is a whole number, the K-th percentile is
the value midway between the L-th value and
the next one.
If L is not a whole number, change it by
rounding up to the nearest integer. The value
at that position is the K-th percentile.

Deciles
values

that divide the array into


10 equal parts

D1 - the value below which 10% of


the values fall
D2 - the value below which 20% of
the values fall

Deciles

Sort all observations in ascending order


Compute the position L = (K/10) * N, where N
is the total number of observations.
If L is a whole number, the K-th decile is the
value midway between the L-th value and the
next one.
If L is not a whole number, change it by
rounding up to the nearest integer. The value
at that position is the K-th decile.

Quartiles
values

that divide the array into


4 equal parts.

Q1 the value below which 25% of the values


fall
Q2 the value below which 50% of the values
fall
Q3 - the value below which 75% of the values
fall

To compute for Lower Quartiles

Sort all observations in ascending order


Compute the position L1 = 0.25 * N, where N
is the total number of observations.
If L1 is a whole number, the lower quartile is
midway between the L1-th value and the next
one.
If L1 is not a whole number, change it by
rounding up to the nearest integer. The value
at that position is the lower quartile.

To compute for Upper Quartile

Sort all observations in ascending order


Compute the position L3 = 0.75 * N, where N
is the total number of observations.
If L3 is a whole number, the upper quartile is
midway between the L3-th value and the next
one.
If L3 is not a whole number, change it by
rounding up to the nearest integer. The value
at that position is the upper quartile.

Example
The surveyed weights (in
kilograms) of the students in Stat
231 were the following: 69, 70, 75,
66, 83, 88, 66, 63, 61, 68, 73, 57,
52, 58, and 77. Compute
1.) P23
5.) Q3
2.) P85
6.) Q1
3.) D30
4.) D90

Approximating the ith Percentile


from the FDT

+c

where

=the lower class boundary of the Pith class


c = the class size of the Pith class
n = the total number of observations in the
distribution
=the <cf of the class preceding the Pith
class

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