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Introduction to
Information Systems
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Data
Raw facts
Distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in
a special way
Information
A collection of facts organized in such a way that
they have additional value beyond the value of the
facts themselves
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Homework
Is the term datagenerally used in the
singular or plural
(a) in the textbook, and
(b) in the zdwebopedia web site?
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Terminology
Process
A set of logically related tasks performed to achieve
a defined outcome
Process
(n) An executing program. The term is used loosely
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as a synonym of task.
(v) To perform some useful operations on data.
Terminology
Knowledge
An awareness and understanding of a set of
information and how that information can be made
useful to support a specific task
Knowledge base
The collection of data, rules, procedures, and
relationships that must be followed to achieve value
or the proper outcome
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Types of Data
Data
Represented by
Alphanumeric data
Image data
Audio data
Video data
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Data Information
Data
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Transformation
Information
Characteristics of
Valuable Information
Characteristics
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System
System
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System Discussion
(1) Refers to a combination of components working together. For
example, a computer system includes both hardware and software.
A Windows system is a personal computer running the Windows
operating system. A desktop publishing system is a computer
running desktop publishing software.
(2) Short for computer system.
(3) Short for operating system.
(4) An organization or methodology. The binary numbering system,
for instance, is a way to count using only two digits.
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System Elements
Inputs
Processing mechanisms
Outputs
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System Example
Elements
System
Movie
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Inputs
Processing
elements
Outputs
Finished
film
delivered to
movie
studio
Goal
Entertaining
movie, film
awards,
profits
System types
Simple vs. complex
Open vs. closed
Stable vs. dynamic
Adaptive vs. nonadaptive
Permanent vs. temporary
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Effectiveness
A measure of the extent to which a system achieves its
goals
Figure 1.5a
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Figure 1.5b
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System parameter
Modeling a System
Model
Types of models
Next slide
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Input
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Processing
Output
Input Discussion
(n) Whatever goes into the computer. Input
can take a variety of forms, from
commands you enter on a keyboard to data
from another computer or device. A device
that feeds data into a computer, such as a
keyboard or mouse, is called an input
device.
(v) The act of entering data into a computer
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Output Discussion
(n) Anything that comes out of a computer. Output
can be meaningful information or gibberish, and
it can appear in a variety of forms -- as binary
numbers, as characters, as pictures, and as printed
pages. Output devices include display screens,
loudspeakers, and printers.
(v) To give out. For example, display screens output
images, printers output print, and loudspeakers
output sounds.
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Feedback
Feedback
Forecasting
Computerized systems
E.g., the above trends lines can be drawn by computer
Evolution
Many computerized system began as manual systems
E.g., directory assistance (411)
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Computer-based Information
Systems
A CBIS is composed of
Hardware
Software
Databases
Telecommunications
People
Procedures
Together they are
Configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process
data into information
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Technology Infrastructure
Another term for CBIS
Consists of the shared information system
(IS) resources that form the foundation of
the information system
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Parts of a CBIS
Five parts
Hardware
Software
Database
Telecommunications
Networks
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Parts of a CBIS
Five parts
Hardware
Software
Database
Telecommunications
Networks
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Hardware
Hardware
Computer equipment used to perform input,
processing, and output activities
The objects that you can actually touch, like
disks, disk drives, display screens, keyboards,
printers, boards, and chips.
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Hardware Discussion
Hardware refers to objects that you can actually touch,
like disks, disk drives, display screens, keyboards, printers,
boards, and chips. In contrast, software is untouchable.
Software exists as ideas, concepts, and symbols, but it has no
substance.
Books provide a useful analogy. The pages and the ink
are the hardware, while the words, sentences, paragraphs, and
the overall meaning are the software. A computer without
software is like a book full of blank pages -- you need
software to make the computer useful just as you need words
to make a book meaningful.
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Parts of a CBIS
Five parts
Hardware
Software
Database
Telecommunications
Networks
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Software
Software
Computer programs that
govern/determine/control the operation of the
computer
Computer instructions or data
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Parts of a CBIS
Five parts
Hardware
Software
Database
Telecommunications
Networks
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Database
Database
An organized collection of facts and
information
A collection of information organized in such a
way that a computer program can quickly
select desired pieces of data
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Parts of a CBIS
Five parts
Hardware
Software
Database
Telecommunications
Networks
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Telecommunications
Telecommunications
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Parts of a CBIS
Five parts
Hardware
Software
Database
Telecommunications
Networks
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Networks
Network
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organization
A network belonging to an organization
Information and Organizations
Procedures
Includes the strategies, policies, methods, and
rules for using the CBIS
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Payroll Example
Hours
Hours
worked
worked
Payroll
Payroll
transaction
transaction
processing
processing
Pay
Pay
rate
rate
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Payroll
Payroll
checks
checks
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E-Commerce System
E-commerce
Involves any business transaction executed
electronically
Conducting business on-line
For example, between
Companies
Companies and consumers
Business and the public sector
Consumers and the public sector
Example for placing a purchase order
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Schematic of MIS
Marketing
Marketing
management
management
information
information
system
system
Financial
Financial
management
management
Information
Information
system
system
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
management
management
Information
Information
system
system
Common
databases
TPS
TPS
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Order
Order
management
management
information
information
system
system
MIS Discussion
Short for management information system or management
information services, and pronounced as separate letters, MIS
refers to a class of software that provides managers with tools for
organizing and evaluating their department. Typically, MIS systems
are written in COBOL and run on mainframes or minicomputers.
Within companies and large organizations, the department
responsible for computer systems is sometimes called the MIS
department. Other names for MIS include IS (Information Services)
and IT (Information Technology).
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Expert Systems
An expert system is
A computer application that performs a task that would
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Systems design
Determine how a new system will work to meet
business needs
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End of Chapter 1
Chapter 2
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