PROMOTING

OXYGENATION

DEFINITION
OXYGENATION the process that
supplies oxygen to the blood
and cells
- without adequate
oxygen, cells
cannot survive

3 PHASES OF ADEQUATE
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
1. PULMONARY VENTILATION
- inhalation and exhalation of air
between the atmosphere and the
alveoli of the lungs

3 PHASES OF ADEQUATE
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
1. PERFUSION
- Diffusion or movement of oxygen
and carbon dioxide between the
alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries

3 PHASES OF ADEQUATE
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
1. Gas Exchange
- transport of oxygen and carbon
dioxide via the blood to and from the
cells

Most common signs of Hypoxia

1.
2.
3.
4.

Tachycardia
Restlessness
Cyanosis
Increased blood pressure followed by
decreased blood
pressure

Most common signs of Hypoxia

1. Dyspnea
2. Flaring Nostrils
3. Substernal /
intercostal
retractions

Coughing and Deep Breathing

Exercises
COUGHING natural defense mechanism
DEEP BREATHING maximizing normal
respiratory volume

Coughing and Deep Breathing

Exercises
Voluntary controlled coughing clears the
airways before secretions accumulate
Voluntary deep breathing
exercises improve ventilation

DEEP BREATHING EXERCISES

Taught to those at risk for
respiratory problems, such as
surgical clients
Pursed-lip breathing is taught to
clients with alveolar distention to
increase effective exhalation and
decrease the workload of
breathing

Pursed-Lip Breathing

Purposes of Coughing and Deep

Breathing
1. To loosen secretions
2. To promote full lung
expansion
1. To clear airways of
pulmonary secretions
1. To encourage a more
effective cough
1. To improve pulmonary
ventilation

Procedure in Coughing Exercises

1. Assemble equipments: facial tissues,
pillow, stethoscope
2. Explain procedure and
provide privacy
1. Assist to a High-fowlers
position or upright
position

Procedure in Coughing Exercises

1. If with abdominal incision, support
incision with pillow firmly or with
palms

Procedure in Coughing Exercises

1. Instruct patient to take several deep
breaths and then to inhale deeply,
hold it for a second, contract
abdominal muscles, and cough into a
tissue
1. Encourage patient to cough
frequently until airway is cleared

Procedure in Deep Breathing

Exercises
1. Explain procedure and provide
patients privacy
2. Help patient to an upright position
(on bed or chair), with both feet on
the floor.

Definition
The process of providing or combining
or treating with oxygen

GOALS OF OXYGENATION
1. Improve tissue oxygenation
2. Decrease work of breathing in
dyspneic patients
3. Decrease work of
the heart in
patients with
cardiac disease

OXYGEN SAFETY
Prominently display a NO SMOKING
sign on the patients door
Inspect all electrical equipment in the
immediate vicinity of the patient
Do not allow the patient to
use an electric razor

OXYGEN SAFETY
Avoid using woolen blankets
Take special precautions with patients
in oxygen tent (do not comb hair or
allow electric call bells to be operated
in a closed tent)

OXYGEN STORAGE
Piped-in System
Tank System
Large
Small

Piped-In System

OXYGEN THERAPY
oxygen regulator
Oxygen mask
Flow meter

humidifier
Oxygen tank

FLOW METER
A device that attaches to the oxygen
outlet to regulate the amount and
pressure of oxygen delivered
Oxygen regulator
Mercury ball flow meter

humidifier

TYPES OF FLOW METERS

Gauge
Type

Mercury Ball

HUMIDIFIER
Containers with sterile water which are
attached to the administration device

METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION
Nasal Cannula
Nasal Catheter
Oxygen Mask
Standard mask
Non-rebreathing mask
Venturi mask

Oxygen Tent
Oxygen Hood
Self-inflating Breathing Bag and Mask

NASAL CANNULA

aka nasal prongs

Most common method
May administer 1-6 liters per minute
Provides 24% - 44% oxygen in the
inspired air
Most commonly used in low
flow rates of
2-3 liters/minute

NASAL CANNULA
Procedure on pages 573 575 of
Taylors Clinical Nursing Skills

NASAL CATHETER
Plastic or rubber catheter with a small
lumen
Used infrequently(irritates pts. nostril)
Tip of the catheter should be visible at
a position near the uvula
Should be transferred to the
other nostril every 8 hours

OXYGEN MASK
Method of choice in emergency situations
or when a relatively high concentration of
oxygen is needed promptly
Gives a high-flow rate
(6-10 liters/minute)
(35% - 60%)
Procedure on pages 576
580 of Taylors Clinical
Nursing Skills

STANDARD MASK
Has side vents
Provides a reservoir over
the face into which
oxygen flows
most common midrange O2 device
Not usually desirable for COPD pts
because of potential for excessive
oxygenation

VENTURI MASK
Delivers 4-10 liters/min (24% - 55%)
Precise delivery system
Noisy

NON-REBREATHING MASK
Has a bag attached to the bottom
Used for critically ill pts
Delivers 6-15 liters/min (60% - 100%)

OXYGEN TENT
Used in children who will not leave a
face mask or nasal cannula in place
Made of a transparent plastic canopy
that is suspended
from a frame, with
an electric cooling
unit.

OXYGEN HOOD
Deliver oxygen to infants at rates
approaching 100%
Placed over the infants head
Made up of hard plastic or vinyl with a
metal frame

SELF INFLATING BREATHING BAG

AND MASK
Often called the Ambu Bag
Provides artificial
ventilation to the person
who is in respiratory arrest
or is dependent on a
ventilator for breathing
Can be used for rescue
breathing or CPR