Practical Implementation of LRFD

for Geotechnical Engineering

Features
Design and Construction of Driven Pile
Foundations

Wednesday, June 22, 2011

PDCA Professors Workshop

By
Jerry A. DiMaggio, PE, D. GE, M. ASCE
E-Mail: jdimaggio2@verizon.net

ASCE LRFD Webinar Series

#

Topic

2009

2010

2011

Fundamentals of LRFD
Part 1

1/16,
8/7

6/30

1/18,
10/13

Fundamentals of LRFD
Part 2

1/30,
9/8

7/15

2/4, 10/21

Subsurface Explorations

6/30,
11/5

4/15

2/17, 8/18

Shallow Foundations

7/24

1/6, 5/7, 11/8 5/20,

12/12

Deep Foundations Piles

1/25, 6/1,
12/14

6/21, 11/7

Deep Foundations
Shafts

2/8, 6/11

1/7, 7/8

1/23

7
Deep
Foundations
latest information
9/10
* Check
ASCE
website for
Micropiles

3/3, 7/29

1/12

3/11, 9/12

3/9

Earth Retaining

8/20

201
2

2/3

Presnetation
Assumptions/References
Basic knowledge of:
LRFD (previous webinars)
Basic Deep Foundation Design and
Construction

Primary References:
Section 10 of AASHTO (2010, 5th Edition)
List of other references provided at end

Driven Pile Foundations

Topic
General (Section 3, Section
10.4, 10.7.1)
10.5 Limit States and Resistance
Factors
10.7.2 Service Limit State
10.7.3 Strength Limit State
10.7.4 Extreme Event Limit
State

Slide
s
4
18
19
22
23
31
32
58
59
65

Section 10 Contents
Articl Topic
e
10.1

Scope

10.2

Definitions

10.3

Notation

10.4

Soil and Rock Properties

10.5

Limit States and Resistance Factors

10.6

Spread Footings

10.7

Driven Piles

10.8

Drilled Shafts

10.9

Micropiles

Refer to Section 3 for Loads and Load Factors

Deep Foundation Types

Material
Prestressed
concrete
Post-tensioned
concrete
Pre-cast concrete
Cast-in-place
concrete
Steel

Driven
Piles

Drilled
Shafts/
Micropi
les

X
X

Jacke
d/
Speci
al

X
X

X
X

Section 10.7 Driven Piles

Articl Topic
e
10.7.1 General
10.7.2 Service Limit State Design
10.7.3 Strength Limit State Design
10.7.4 Extreme Event Limit State Design
10.7.5 Corrosion and Deterioration
10.7.6 Minimum Pile Penetration
10.7.7 Driving Criteria for Bearing
10.7.8 Drivability Analysis
10.7.9 Test Piles

Professional Discipline
Communication
Geotechnical, Structural, Hydraulic, and
Construction specialists all play an important
role and have different responsibilities on deep
foundation projects.
Project specific loads, extreme events,
performance requirements, scour, pile cap
details, specifications, plans construction, pile
damage are ALL KEY issues for a successful
project!
The Geotechnical Design Report is a key
communication tool.

10.7.1 GENERAL
Consider spread footings first.
Basic guidelines for driven pile
configurations
Minimum spacing 2.5 pile diameters or 30 inches.
Minimum of 9 inches pile cap edge and be embedded
12 inches into the pile cap or if with strands or bars
then the pile embedment should be 6 inches.
Piles through embankments should extend 10 ft into
original ground or refusal on rock. Maximum of 6 inch
fill size.
Batter Piles: stiffness, dont use in downdrag
situations, concern in seismic situations.

Comparison of LRFD and ASD

approaches for Deep
Foundations
Same

Different

Determining
resistance

Comparison of load and

resistance

Determining
deflection

Separation of resistance and

deflection

AASHTO Table
3.4.1-1

EH
EV
ES

DC
DD

DW
LL
EQ
WA

CT

Load Factors for Permanent

AASHTO Table 3.4.1-2 Loads, p

Load Type and Direction

Structural

Geotechnical

Vertical or horizontal
Permanent/Transient

Vertical/Horizontal

Downdrag/Setup/Relaxat
ion
Bridge Deck
New
Fill

Soft Soil Consolidating

Due to Fill Weight

Bearing Stratum

Downdra
g

Bridge Deck
New
Fill

Geotechnical load
Can be significant
particularly given the
max load factors
Articles 3.4.1 and
3.11.8

Soft Soil Consolidating

Due to Fill Weight

Bearing Stratum

Design Method
-method
Piles
-method

Load Factors
Maximu
Minimum
m
1.40
0.25
1.05
0.30
15

AASHTO Section 10.4

Soil and Rock Properties
Articl Topic
e
10.4.
1

Informational Needs

10.4.
2

Subsurface Exploration

10.4.
3

Laboratory Tests

10.4.
In Situ Tests
DISCUSSED
IN
4

PREVIOUS WEBINAR
ON SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATIONS
10.4. Geophysical Tests

Next
Offering
on
August
18,
2011
5

Deep Foundation
Selection

Method of support
Bearing material depth
Load type, direction and
magnitude
Constructability
Cost

Expressed in $/kip capacity

Include all possible costs

Pile Types Based on Soil

Displacement During Driving
Low
Displacement

High
Displacement

Driven Pile Foundations

Topic
General (Section 3, Section
10.4, 10.7.1)
10.5 Limit States and Resistance
Factors
10.7.2 Service Limit State
10.7.3 Strength Limit State
10.7.4 Extreme Event Limit
State

Slide
s
4
18
19
22
23
31
32
58
59
65

Strength Limit State Driven

Piles
ARTICLE 10.5.3.3
Axial compression resistance for single
piles
Pile group compression resistance
Uplift resistance of single piles
Uplift resistance of pile groups
Pile punching failure in weaker stratum
Single pile and pile group lateral
resistance
Constructability, including pile drivability

SPECIAL DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS

Negative shaft resistance (downdrag)

Lateral squeeze
Scour
Pile and soil heave
Seismic considerations

10.5

LIMIT STATES AND

RESISTANCE

Strength Limit State (will be discussed later)

Structural Resistance
Geotechnical Resistance
Driven Resistance

Service Limit State

Resistance Factor = 1.0 (except for global
stability)

Extreme Event Limit State

Seismic, superflood, vessel, vehicle
Use nominal resistance

Driven Pile Foundations

Topic
General (Section 3, Section
10.4, 10.7.1)
10.5 Limit States and Resistance
Factors
10.7.2 Service Limit State
10.7.3 Strength Limit State
10.7.4 Extreme Event Limit
State

Slide
s
4
18
19
22
23
31
32
61
62
65

Service Limit State Checks

Global Stability Vertical and
Horizontal
Displacements

Settlement of Pile Groups

Article 10.7.2.3.1 [Hannigan
(2006)]
Treat as
equivalen
t footings
Categoriz
e as one
of the 4
cases
shown
here

10.7.2.4 Horizontal Loads and

Pile Moments

Fx
M2

H2
M1

H1

Horizontal Response
Isolated

Group

Assumes nominal resistance is adequate

No consideration of possible brittle response
of geomaterial
LPILE type p-y model or Strain Wedge
Method

P-y Results for Single Element

P-y Results for Pile Groups

AASHTO Figure 10.7.2.4-1

Row
1

Row
2

Row
3 or higher

Row
1

Row
2

Row
3 or higher
Applied Load

Spacing

Spacing

Applied Load
5B or less
Row 1

Applied Load

Spacing (S)

P-multiplier (Pm)
Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

3B

0.8

0.4

0.3

5B

1.00

0.85

0.7

Pile Head Fixity

x

Momen
t

Momen
t

30

Tolerable Movements and

Movement Criteria 10.5.2.2
Service loads for
settlements, horizontal
movements and rotations.
Omit transient loads for
cohesive soils
Reference movements to
the top of the substructure
unit.
Angular Distortion
(C10.5.2.2)

Driven Pile Foundations

Topic
General (Section 3, Section
10.4, 10.7.1)
10.5 Limit States and Resistance
Factors
10.7.2 Service Limit State
10.7.3 Strength Limit State
10.7.4 Extreme Event Limit
State

Slide
s
4
18
19
22
23
31
32
58
59
65

STRENGTH LIMIT STATES

Axial

Structural

Driven
(Assess
Drivability)

Flexur
e

Shear

Geotechni
Axial
cal
33

Methods for Determining

Structural Resistance
Axial compression
Combined axial and flexure
Shear
LRFD
Specifications

Concrete Section 5
Steel Section 6
Wood Section 8

Factors Affecting
Allowable Structural Pile
Stresses
Average section strength (Fy, fc, wood
crushing strength)

Defects (knots in timber)

Section treatment (preservation for
timber)

Variation in materials
Load factor (overloads or pile damage)

Structural Resistance Factors

10.7.3.13 Pile Structural Resistance
Concrete (5.5.4.2)
Axial Comp. = 0.75
Flexure = 0.9 (strain
dependent)
Shear = 0.9
LRFD
Specifications

Steel (6.5.4.2)
Axial = 0.5-0.7
Combined
Axial= 0.7-0.8
Flexure = 1.0
Shear = 1.0
Timber (8.5.2.2
and .3)
Compression = 0.9
Tension = 0.8
Flexure = 0.85

Determining Nominal Axial

Geotechnical Resistance of
Piles
Field methods
Static load test
Dynamic load test (PDA)
Driving Formulae
Wave Equation Analysis

Static analysis methods

Geotechnical Safety Factors for

Piles (ASD)
Basis for Design
and Type of
Construction
Control
Subsurface
exploration
Static analysis
Dynamic formula
Wave equation
CAPWAP analysis
Static load test
Factor of Safety (FS)

Increasing
Design/Construction
Control
X

X
X

X
X
X
3.50 2.75 2.25 2.00 1.90

Pile Testing Methods

Geotechnical Nominal
Resistance of Piles: Static
Load Tests ASTM D1143
(10.7.8.2)
Test Setup

Results and
Definition of
Failure

Dynamic Load Test (PDA) ASTM

D4945
10.7.3.8.3

Wave Equation Driven

Resistance
10.7.3.8.4

Wave Equation Applications

Item

Use

Develop driving Blow count for a required nominal

criterion
resistance
Blow count for nominal resistance
as a function of energy/stroke
Check
drivability

Blow count vs penetration depth

Driving stresses vs penetration
depth

Determine
optimal driving
equipment

Driving time

Refined
matching
analysis

Adjust input values based on

dynamic measurements

Wave Equation Results

250

250

200

200

150

150

100

100

50

50

1480 kN

Ultimate Capacity (kN)

2000

DELMAG D12-42
Efficiency

0.800

Helmet
Hammer Cushion

7.60 kN
10535 kN/mm

SkinQuake
ToeQuake
SkinDamping
ToeDamping

2.500
3.000
0.160
0.500

PileLength
PilePenetration
PileTopArea

20.00 m
19.00 m
86.51 cm2

PileModel

SkinFriction
Distribution

mm
mm
sec/m
sec/m

5.00

1600

4.00

1200

3.00

2.6 m
800

2.00

400

1.00

0
0.0

Tension Stress (MPa)

27-Aug-2003
GRLWEAP(TM) Version2003

25.0

50.0

75.0

100.0

BlowCount (blows/.25m)

68 blows / 0.25 m

125.0

0.00
150.0

Stroke (meter)

195 MPa

Compressive Stress (MPa)

GRLEngineers, Inc.
FHWA- GRLWEAPEXAMPLE#1

Res. Shaft =84%

(Proportional)

Driving Formulas
(Article 10.7.3.8.5)

Pile Testing Methods

Static analysis methods and computer

solutions are used to:
Calculate pile length for loads
Determine number of piles
Determine most cost effective pile type
Calculate foundation settlement
Calculate performance under uplift and
lateral loads

Static Analysis Methods

Primary use is for pile length estimation
for contract drawings and feasibility.
Secondary use for estimation of downdrag,
uplift resistance and scour effects
Should rarely be used as sole means of
determining pile resistance. ONLY IN
SPECIAL SITUATIONS!

Large Pile Diameter

Resistance

Resistance

Total Resistance

A
Side ResistanceB

Tip Resistance

RS
RP

Vertical Displacement

RR = Rn = qpRp + qsRs

Computation of Static Geotechnical

Resistance
RR = Rn
Rn = qpRp + qsRs
RP = AP qP
RS
RP

RS = AS qs
AASHTO 10.7.3.7.5-2

EXAMPLE SOIL PROFILE

Nominal Resistance: Rn = Rs1 + Rs2 + Rs3 +Rt
Factored Resistance: RR = Rn= (Rs3 + Rt)
Soil Resistance
to Driving (SRD):

SRD = Rs1 + Rs2 + Rs3 +Rt

((with no soil strength changes)

SRD = Rs1 + Rs2 / 2 + Rs3 +Rt

(with clay soil strength change)

Static Analysis Methods

Driven Piles
method
method
method
Nordlund -Thurman method
SPT-method
CPT-method

Resistance Factors Static

AnalysisAASHTO
Methods
Table 10.5.5.2.3-1
Method

- method
- method
- method
NordlundThurman
SPT
CPT

Resistance Factor,
Compressio Tension
n
0.35
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.40
0.30
0.45
0.35
0.30
0.50

0.25
0.40

Combining Geotechnical
Resistance Factors
C10.7.3.3 dyn x Rn = stat x Rnstat
The length predicted by this method
may be overly conservative and
need to be adjusted to reflect
experience.
Local experience replaces this
suggested relationship.

Driven Pile Time Dependent

Effects
(Article 10.7.3.4)
Setup

RS
RP

Relaxation

RS
RP

RS
RP

RS
RP

SOIL SETUP
Soil setup is a time dependent increase
in the static pile resistance
Large excess positive pore pressures are
often generated during pile driving
Soil setup frequently occurs for piles driven
in saturated clays as well as loose to
medium dense silts and fine sands as
the excess pore pressure dissipate
Magnitude of setup depends on soil
characteristics and pile material and type

Point Bearing on Rock

(Article 10.7.3.2)
Soft rock that can be penetrated by pile
driving may be treated similar to soils.
Steel piles driven into soft rock may not require
tip reinforcement.
On hard rock the nominal resistance is
controlled by the structural capacity. See
Article 6.9.4.1 and the driving resistances in
6.5.4.2 and 6.15 for severe driving.
PDA should be used when the nominal
resistance exceeds 600 kips.
C10.7.3.2.3 Provides qualitative guidance to
minimize pile damage when driving piles
on hard rock.

Pile Group Resistance 10.7.3.9

& 11
Static Geotechnical
Resistance
Figures 10.7.3.11-1 and -2 for group uplift resistance for
cohesionless and cohesive soils respectively.

Take lesser of

Driven Pile Foundations

Topic
General (Section 3, Section
10.4, 10.7.1)
10.5 Limit States and Resistance
Factors
10.7.2 Service Limit State
10.7.3 Strength Limit State
10.7.4 Extreme Event Limit
State

Slide
s
4
16
17
20
21
29
30
58
59
65

EXTREME EVENT LIMIT STATES

10.5.5.3
Scour
Vessel and Vehicle collision
Seismic loading and site specific
situations.
(Uplift Resistance should be 0.80
rather than 1.00 for all extreme
checks.)

Piles Subject to Scour

10.5.5.3.2

Seismic Articles 10.7.4,

10.5.5.3.3
Liquefaction: Neglect axial resistance in
liquefiable zone
Lateral Spreading: Either consider forces
due to lateral spreading or improve ground;
reduce P-y curve based on duration of
strong shaking and ability of the ground to
fully liquefy during strong shaking
Downdrag: Do not combine seismic
downdrag with static downdrag

Driven Pile Foundations

Topic
General (Section 3, Section
10.4, 10.7.1)
10.5 Limit States and Resistance
Factors
10.7.2 Service Limit State
10.7.3 Strength Limit State
10.7.4 Extreme Event Limit
State

Slide
s
4
18
19
22
23
31
32
58
59
62

10.7.5 Corrosion and

Deterioration
Identified by soil resistivity & pH testing
If pH < 4.5, design should be based on an
aggressive environment
Corrosion of steel pile foundations,
particularly in fill soils, low pH soils and
marine environments
Sulfate, chloride, and acid attack of
concrete pile foundations
Decay of timber piles from wetting and
drying cycles from insects and marine borers

Aggressive Subsurface
Environments

Resistivity < 2000 ohms-cm

pH < 5.5
pH between 5.5 and 8.5 in soils with high
organic content
Sulfates > 1,000 ppm
Landfills and cinder fills
Soils subject to mine or industrial
drainage
Areas of mixed resistivity (high and low)
Insects (wood piles)

Pile Driving Induced Vibrations

See Hannigan (2006)
Vibration induced damage
Vibration induced soil densification

Driven Pile Foundations

Topic
General (Section 3, Section
10.4, 10.7.1)
10.5 Limit States and Resistance
Factors
10.7.2 Service Limit State
10.7.3 Strength Limit State
10.7.4 Extreme Event Limit
State

Slide
s
4
18
19
22
23
31
32
58
59
62

Section 10.7.8 Driven Piles

Requirements
for drivability
analysis have
been added
and clarified

Pile Type

Loading Type

Limiting Driving Stress

Steel

Compression/Tension

dr da (0.9 f y )

Compression

dr da(0.85fc' )

Tension

dr da(0.7fy)

Compression

dr da(0.85fc' fpe)

Concrete

Prestressed Tension

Timber

dr da(0.095fc' fpe)

Tension (in severe

corrosion)

dr da(fpe)

Compression/Tension

dr da(fco)

Driven Resistance Factors

da
Concrete piles,

AASHTO Article 5.5.4.2.1

da
Steel piles,

= 1.00

AASHTO Article 6.5.4.2

da
Timber piles,

= 1.00

= 1.15

AASHTO Article 8.5.2.2

Driven Pile Foundations

Topic
General (Section 3, Section
10.4, 10.7.1)
10.5 Limit States and Resistance
Factors
10.7.2 Service Limit State
10.7.3 Strength Limit State
10.7.4 Extreme Event Limit
State

Slide
s
4
18
19
22
23
31
32
58
59
62

5th Edition 2010 Changes Sec

10.5
Specification references to changes in resistance factors based on
pile group size moved to the commentary.
The definition of foundation redundancy (in commentary) was
simplified.
Tables relating resistance factor to site variability were removed from
the specifications and decisions were deferred to the engineer. The
site variability method was retained as an acceptable option to aid in
engineering judgment.
Precaution for static analysis predictions for piles greater than 24
was added.
The resulting changes based on the above was a modest increase
for several resistance factors.

5th Edition 2010 Changes Sec

10.7
Use of dynamic tests with signal matching to estimate side friction
were added as a reasonable alternative to static analysis methods or
load testing.
Table 10.7.2.4-1, small adjustments in the p-multipliers for group
lateral load analysis.
Provisions for piles driven to hard rock (Article 10.7.3.2) were made
more complete.
Article 10.7.3.3 changed to clarify the use and potential pitfalls of the
approaches provided to estimate the pile length required.
Article C10.7.3.4.3, guidance added regarding the length of time
needed for various soil conditions before a restrike should be
attempted.

Table 10.5.5.2.3-1
Resistance Factors for Driven Piles
Static Load Test with Dynamic Tests 0.80
(minimum test number 2 and minimum percentage 2% of
tests)

Static Load Test without Dynamic Tests

0.75
Dynamic Testing 100% production piles
0.75
Dynamic Tests 0.65 (minimum test number 2 and
minimum percentage 2% of tests)

Wave Equation 0.50

For More Information on Driven Piles

REFERENCES
Allen, T. M. 2005. Development of Geotechnical
Resistance Factors and Downdrag Load Factors for LRFD
Foundation Strength Limit State Design, FHWA-NHI-05052, FHWA, Wash. DC.
Barker, R. M. et al 1991. Manuals for the Design of Bridge
Foundations NCHRP Report 343. Transportation Research
Board, NRC, Wash., DC.
Hannigan P.J. et al, 2005. Design and Construction of
Driven Pile Foundations, FHWA-HI-05, FHWA, Wash. DC
Paikowsky S. G. et al, 2004. Load and Resistance Factor
Design (LRFD) for Deep Foundations, NCHRP Report
507. Transportation Research Board, NRC, Wash. DC.

Practical Implementation of LRFD

for Geotechnical Engineering
Features
Design and Construction of Driven Pile
Foundations

Wednesday, June 22, 2011

PDCA Professors Workshop

By
Jerry A. DiMaggio, PE, D.GE, M. ASCE
E-Mail: jdimaggio2@verizon.net