Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Presenter :Balamurugan E
Moderator : Ms. Poonam joshi
Blood
Blood is a connective tissue composed of a
liquid matrix called plasma that dissolves
and suspends various cells and cell
fragments
Functions
Transportation
Regulation
Protection
Physical characteristics
Denser ,more viscous than water
Temp-38 C
pH- 7.35-7.45
20%ECF
8% total body mass
5-6l for males
4-5l for females
Composition of blood
Substances in blood plasma
Constituents Description
Definition
It is the l/V administration of whole bld or
components such as plasma ,packed
RBC or platelets.
OR
It is the transfer of blood or blood
components from one individual (donor)
to another (recipient).
Blood from
◦ Blood banks
◦ Indian red cross society
Recipient – the person who receives the
bld
Donor – the person giving the blood
Purpose
To increase the circulating bld volume
To increase the number of RBCs & to
maintain Hb levels
To provide selected cellular components
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
DONATION
Be in generally good health and feeling well.
Be at least 17 years of age; upper age 60 .
Weigh at least 110 pounds (45 kg).
◦ Weight for 350 ml <60 kg, for 450 ml >60
kg (for males)
◦ Only 350 ml is taken for females
Pulse: 80 to 100 beats/min and regular.
Temperature: Should not exceed 99.5 (37.5c).
Blood Pressure: acceptable range is
160/90 to 110/60.
Skin: the venipuncture site should be free
of any lesion or scar of needle pricks
No multiple organ or renal disorders
Not addicted to any drugs
No history of malignancy or systemic
disease
Don’t donate if
A history of viral hepatitis
A h/o BT within 6 months
A h/o untreated syphilis or malaria
A h/o drug abuse
High risk groups
A skin infection
A h/o recent asthma, allergy
Pregnancy within 6 months
A h/o tooth extraction /oral Sx
Recent immunization
A h/o of recent tattoo
Cancer
DONATION FREQUENCY
Whole Blood donors may donate every
3months.
Donation process
Before donation
get a good night's sleep
eat a well-balanced meal
drink extra caffeine-free fluids before
donating
not take aspirin within 36 hours before
donation
Post-donation care
Eat and Drink something before leaving
Complications Of
Donation
discomfort
Syncope
3)Seizures
Types of blood transfusion
Types:
◦ Homologous transfusion
Voluntary
Directed transfusion
◦ Autologous transfusion
Autologous Blood transfusion
Autologous Blood transfusion is the
collection and re-infusion of the patient's
own blood or blood components. Also
called self-donation.
The advantages of this technique are the
avoidance
◦ HIV
◦ Hepatitis
◦ The alleviation of potentially deadly
transfusion reactions.
C/I – those with
◦ Bacteremia
◦ Leukemia
◦ Anemia
1.Preoperative autologous blood donation,
transfusion and storage
2.Intraoperative hemodilution
3.Intraoperative Blood salvage
4.Postoperative Blood salvage
5.Autologous self stored Blood (Blood
banking)
Preoperative autologous Blood donation, transfusion
and storage (PABD)
◦ Units of blood are drawn
◦ 3 to 5 weeks before an elective surgical procedure
◦ Stored for transfusion at the time of the surgery.
Intraoperative hemodilution:
◦ Blood is collected at the start of surgery
◦ The fluid volume lost is replaced with appropriate
IV solutions
◦ Finally stored blood is reinfused after surgery.
Intra-operative hemodilution
Intraoperative Blood
salvage:
◦ Blood is salvaged
from the surgical
area during the
operation for re-
infusion during or
after the surgical
procedure.
Postoperative Blood salvage:
◦ Blood is collected after the surgical
procedure is complete by drainage of the
operative area and re-infused.
Autologous self stored Blood (Blood
banking):
◦ One’s own Blood is preserved in a frozen
state
◦ Can be used by that person or his/ her
designee at a later time.
Blood matching
Two aspects
Grouping
Cross matching
Screening
SCREEN FOR,
The drug and cosmetic acts /rule of India
2002(3rd amendment)
Mandatory screen for 5 transmissible
infections
Viruses
◦ HIV,Hep B,C,CMV
PARACITES
◦ Malaria,syphilis ,lyme disease
Processing of blood prior to
transfusion
Component separation:
◦ RBCs, plasma and platelets are separated
into different containers and stored in
appropriate conditions so that their use can
be adapted to the patient's specific needs
◦ Prepared by centrifugation
Storage
◦ Plasma -18 to -40°C
◦ RBCs 2 to 8°C
◦ Platelets in continuous shaking platform at
room temperature (2 to 24°C)
Blood preservation
Leukoreduction, or the removal of stray white blood
cells from the blood product by filtration.
◦ Less likely to cause alloimmunization
◦ Less likely to cause febrile transfusion reactions
◦ Appropriate for
Chronically transfused patients
Potential transplant recipients
Patients with previous febrile non-hemolytic
transfusion reactions
Types of blood products
ØWhole blood
ØPacked red blood cells
ØPlatelet concentrates
ØFresh frozen plasma
ØCryoprecipitate
ØPlasma derivatives
ØPlasma protein fraction
ØHuman serum albumin
ØCoagulation factor concentrates
Type of blood Indication
Whole blood transfusion Acute massive blood
Contains RBC and plasma loss( >15% of blood volume in
components (400 ml/bag) adults, >10% of blood volume
in children)
To increase the oxygen carrying
capacity of the blood
To restore intravascular
volume
Implementation
üEnsure informed consent, check the blood
bag with the patient’s identification data
üExplain the procedure
üWash hands and assemble the articles by the
bed-side
üMake pt. warm and comfortable
üObtain baseline vitals and record
üPrime infusion line with saline
üBegin transfusion slowly, initially at the rate
of 2ml/min for first 15min.
üDuring this period observe for any
reactions,check vitals every 5 min.
◦ After 15 min regulate the rate of flow.
◦ In case of any transfusion reaction:
üStop the transfusion and start IV normal
saline
üCheck the vitals, be with the patient.
üNotify the physician and blood bank.
üGet ready with resuscitation articles.
üAdminister anti-allergic if required.
üSend back the blood and the used set to
the blood bank with the physician’s
note.
üSee that the patient is comfortable.
üObserve aseptic techniques
üCheck the rate of infusion often
üAssess for phlebitis or infiltration at the IV
site
üRecord the time, date, amount, group , rate
of flow and reactions if any.
üClamp the set before it finishes and start
normal saline infusion.
üTo discontinue transfusion-clamp and
withdraw the needle while applying
pressure with the spirit swab.
üDiscard the blood bag and set after cutting in
the yellow bag.
üRemove gloves and wash hands.
Evaluation
üVital signs and compare it with the baseline
measurement
üComfort of the patient
üAny transfusion reaction
Documentation
üThe type and amount of blood product,
blood bag number, time of starting and
completing, the name of those who
checked and verified.
üVitals
üFlow rate
üPertinent patient response
ü
Points to remember
Blood should be at room temp. 30-40 mts.
Observe aseptic technique.
Check often to see the blood is running at
correct rates.
No bag should be hanged > 4 hrs.
Observe the swelling around the needle.
Never add any medication to bld/bld
products
Evaluation
What are contraindication of
blood donation?
What are the types of blood
products available?
What has to be done if a patient
develops symptoms of
haemolytic reaction?