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Social Groups

and
Social Organizations

Social Classification
Social Groups

Social Categories

Social Aggregates

Social Group
Consists of at least two people who have one
or more goals in common and share common
ways of thinking and behaving

Social Aggregate
A collection of people who happen to be at
the same place at the same time but who
have no other connection to one another.

Social Category
A collection of people who share a particular
characteristic. They do not necessarily
interact with one another and have nothing
else in common.

Types of Social
Groups

According to Social Ties


Primary Group

Secondary Group

Primary Group
People who are emotionally close and seek
one anothers company

Primary Relationships: interactions that are intimate,


personal, caring, and fulfilling

Secondary Group
People who share only part of their lives
while focusing on a goal or task

Secondary Relationships: impersonal relationships


involving limited parts of relationships

According to Self-Identification
In-Group

Out-Group

Reference Group

In-Group

A social unit in which individuals feel at home and with


which they identify.

Out-Group

A social unit to which individuals do not belong due to


differences in social categories and with which they do not
identify.

Reference Group

A group to which we consciously or unconsciously refer


when we evaluate our life situations and behavior but to
which we do not necessarily belong.

Social Interactions
The way people talk and act with each other
and various structures in society.

Type of Social Interactions


Cooperation
Conflict
Social Exchange
Coercion
Conformity
o Groupthink
o Group Pressure
o Obedience to Authority

More on Conformity
People largely conform to group
norms.
Three important studies to know:
Solomon Asch: Group pressure
Stanley Milgram: Obedience to
authority
Irving L. Janis: Groupthink

Leadership

The process of influencing the activities of individuals


in a group towards the attainment of group goals in a
given situation.

Types of Leaders
Transformational Leader

Transactional Leader

Social Organizations
Are groups that associate for the purpose of
achieving some goal or action.
Have identifiable membership.

Formal Organization
Takes on a highly rational form, with a clear
chain of command and standard operating
procedures (SOPs).
Formality is often for the purposes of legality
and legitimacy.

Organizational Theories
A.

Bureaucracy Theories

B.

Bureaucracy Dysfunction Theory

C.

Oligarchy

D. Feminist organizational Theory

Bureaucracy
o A formal organization best known for
its style of hierarchical authority.

Advantages:
Effectiveness
careful operations

Disadvantages :
Dehumanizing
red tape

Harmful effects of Bureaucracy


Bureaucracy stifles creativity
with its sea of rules and
SOPs.

It is also overly pragmatic


and lacks a visionary
element.

Occasionally rules dominate


goals.

Oligarchy
A Sociological theory that emphasizes the
rule of the few over the many

Feminist Organizational Theory


Organizations are structured in a gendered
way, which reinforces gender inequality in
society.
Gender inequality in organizations persists.

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