Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
exchanger
Discussion
Double
HEAT EXCHANGER:
Heat exchanger is a device in which two fluid streams ,
one hot & another cold are brought into thermal contact
in order to effect transfer of heat from the hot fluid
stream to the cold.
DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER:
A typical double pipe heat exchanger basically consists
of a tube or pipe fixed concentrically inside a larger pipe
or tube.
OR
Heat exchanger which are used when the flow rates of
the fluids and the heat duty are small (less than 500 kW)
Contd.
Nitrile rubber.
EPDM.
(ethylene-propylene-dienemonomer)
Co-current
counter current
Counter current
max. heat transfer within minimum area due to more
L.M.T.D
Co-current
Used for viscous fluids & gives lesser value of L.M.T.D
Co & counter current gives same value of L.M.T.D if one
of the fluid stream is isothermal (e.g steam)
Series-parallel arrangement
This configuration is used when value of pressure
exceeds its limits (500psig shell side and 500 psig tube
side) .pressure drop problem can be solved by:
Reversing the location of streams
By-passing one of the fluid streams
Dividing of stream at higher pressure drop( seriesparallel arrag.)
TLn
CO CURRENT FLOW
1
2
T3
T4
T6
T1
T1
T2
T6
Wall
T7
T2
T8
T9
T10
A
T10
T1
T4
T5
T10
T2
T1
T6
T3
T9
T8
T7
ParallelFlow
T4
T2
T5
T3
T6
T7
T8
T9
CounterCurrentFlow
T1 Thin Tcin T3 T7
T1 Thin Tcout T3 T7
T2 T1
T2
ln
T1
ADVANTAGES.
Compactness
Very high heat transfer coefficients on both sides
of the exchanger
Close approach temperatures in counter-current
flow
Ease of maintenance.
Heat transfer area can be added or subtracted
with out complete dismantling the equipment.
High pressure ranges
(30 MPa shell side , 140 MPa tube side)
High temperatures range (600 C)
CONTD..
LIMITATIONS
Fouling
Contd..
Fouling :
formation of a scale or a deposit on a heat transfer
surface is called fouling
Types of fouling:
Precipitation fouling ( due to dissolved salts of Ca
& Mg )
Particulate fouling( due to suspended particles )
Corrosion fouling
Chemical reaction fouling (due to deposits formed
by chemical reactions)
Bio fouling ( due to the attachment of bio chemical
species )
Solidification fouling ( due to sub cooling of fluids )
Design types
In case of any design equipment , the design of a heat exchanger may be
divided into two parts.
Process design
(Thermal design)
Design
types
Mechanical design
Mechanical
design
Double pipe Heat exchangers
can be made with various
materials:
Carbon steel
Alloy steels
Copper alloys
Exotic materials (tantalum)
ASSUMPTIONS
In thermal design we
tabulate physical
properties of:
hot stream(Benzene)
cold stream(Water)
Benzene(hot stream)
entering temp.= 75C
Leaving temp.=50C
average temp=62.5C
Sp.heat=1.88 kJ/kg C
Viscosity=0.37cP
density = 860 kg./m3
thermal conductivity =
0.154 W/m K.
Flow rate = 1000 Kg/hr
outer pipe spec.
i.d. = 41 mm
o.d. = 48 mm.
LMTD = ?
Uo = ?
Water(cold stream)
entering temp.= 30C
Leaving temp.=40C
average temp=35C
Sp.heat=4.187 kJ/kg C
Viscosity=0.8cP
density = 1000 kg./m3
thermal conductivity =
0.623 W/m K.
Flow rate = ?
Inner tube spec.
i.d=21mm
O.d=25.4mm
Wall thickness=2.2mm
thermal conductivity of
wall=74.5 W/m K.
Flow rates
Cannot be considered because water side flow rate is not
given
Flow areas
Higher mass flow rate stream is passed through greater
flow area which cannot be considered because we don't
know which stream is of higher flow rate
Tube side fluid
As we know that water causes a lot of fouling and
corrosion hence we will take water in the tube side in this
way it would cause lesser damage to the heat exchanger.
Pipe side/annulus side
Benzene will be taken on annulus side
Flow arrangement
Counter current flow is selected because it reduces the
required surface area
t1=75-40=35C
L.M.T.D= (t1- t2) / Ln (t1/ t2)
LMTD =(35 20)/Ln(35/20)
= 26.8C
50 C
30 C
t2=50-30=20C
= Pi/4(iD2) - Pi/4(OD1)=8.13x10-4 m2
Contd
Benzene mass flow rate = 1000 kg/h
Benzene volumetric flow rate = (1000)/(860) = 1.163 m 3/hr
Velocity = volumetric flow rate / flow area = 0.397 m/s
Reynolds number, Re = dvp/u
= 14395
Prandtl number,Pr = Cpu/k
= 4.51
Calculation of ho from the Dittus-Boelter equation
Nu = hodi/k = 0.023(Re)0.8(Pr)0.3
=(0.023)(14395)0.8(4.51)0.4 = 89.12
Contd
outside area of tube = A0 = OD L = (0.0254)(L)
inside area of tube = Ai = ID L = (0.021)(L)
Am = (OD-ID) / Ln (OD/ID)
= (0.0254 - 0.021)(L)/ Ln (0.0254/0.021)
= 0.023 (L)
A0/Am = 1.098
A0/Ai = 1.21
1/Uo=1/ho +(Ao/Am)x(ro-ri/kw)+Ao/Ai(1/hi)
Uo = 662.3W/m2K
Hydraulic design
Contd
P = f G2 L / 2 g p Di
Where,
F = friction factor
G = mass velocity of the fluid
L = length of the tube
G =9.8m/s2
p = density of tube fluid
Di = inside diameter of tube
= dimensionless viscosity ratio
P =pressure drop
Calculation on
software
DESIGN PROBLEM :
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
CONTINUED
GIVEN DATA:
Lube Oil:
Mass flow
rate=wL=6900lb/hr
26 API
Entering temp.=450F
Leaving temp.=350F
Viscosity =3.0cp at 400F
Crude Oil:
Mass flow
rate=wc=72500lb/hr
34 API
Entering temp.=300F
Leaving temp.=310F
Viscosity = use graph
cp(graph) =427000Btu/hr
cp(graph)
(2)bTemperature difference (
t):
Hot fluid
Temp.
Cold fluid
Diff.
450 F
Higher temp.
310 F
140 F ( t)a
350 F
Lower temp.
300 F
50 F ( t)b
90 F
( t)a - ( t)b
Concept of caloric
temperature:
(3)Caloric
temperatures:
Kc factor =0.43
caloric temp. fraction (Fc) =0.395 (graph)
Tc=350x0.395(450-350)=389.5 F
tc =300x0.395(310-300)=304 F
Basic objective:
=0.0206ft2
Equivalent dia. De=(D22D12)/D1
= 0.13ft
Ga=W/aa
=6900/0.0206
=335000lb/hrft2
At Tc=389.5F =3.0cp
=3x2.42=7.25lb/hrft
Rea=DeGa/=0.13x335000
/7.25=6000
If only two hairpins in
series are required,L/D will
be 2x40/0.13=614
Use L/D=600
jH=20.5
Ga=w/ap
=72500/
(2x0.0233)=1560000lb/hrf
t2
At tc=304F, =0.83cp
Rep=DGp/
=0.172x1560000/2.01=13
3500
jH=320
Tc=389.50F ,
C=0.615Btu/lbF (graph)
K=0.067Btu/hrft2(F/ft)
(graph)
Pr=(c/k)0.33=(0.615x7.2
5/0.067)0.33=4.05
tc =304F
c=0.585Btu/lbF (graph)
K=0.073Btu/hrft2(F/ft)
(graph)
Pr=(c/k)0.33=(0.585x2.0
1/0.073)0.33=2.52
Continued
ho=
jHxk/De(c/k)0.33xa
ho/a
=20.5x0.067x4.05/0.13
=42.7btu/hrft2F
tw=tc+ (ho/a)/(hio/p)+
(ho/a)x(Tc-tc)
hi=
jHxk/D(c/k)0.33x
p
hi/p =
320x0.073x2.52/0.172=
34btu/hrft2F
(hio/p)=(hio/p)x(ID/
OD)
=342x2.067/2.38=297
Continued.
tw=304+42.7/
(297+42.7)x(389.5-304)
=314F
w=6.6x2.42=16lb/fthr
a=(/w)0.14=0.9
ho= ho/a xe
=38.4
As tw is calculated
w=0.77x2.42=1.86
p=(/w)0.14=1.0
ho= hw/p xw
=297x1.0=297
Uc=(hioxho)/(hio
ho)=297x38.4/
(297+38.4)=34.0btu/hrft2F
38.4
h (outside) 297
1/Ud=1/Uc+Rd
Rd
34
---
=0.003x2=0.006hrft2F/Btu
Ud=28.2
Uc
Ud
28.2
---
Surface area.
A=Q/(Udxt)=173ft2
De = D2 D1
= 0.058 ft
Rea=( De x Ga ) /u
=2680
f = 0.0035+0.264/26800.42
s =0.775 , p=62.5x0.775
= 48.4
f = 0.0035 +
0.0264/1335000.042
= 0.005375
s = 0.076 ,p = 62.5x0.76
=47.5
Continued
Fa = 4f Ga2La / 2Gp2De
=16.07 ft
V=Ga / 3600 x p
= 1.9 fps
Fl =8(v2 /2G)
=0.45 ft
Pa= (16.7 + 0.45) x 48.4
/144
=5.8 Psi
Allowable pressure drop
=10Psi
Fp = 4f Ga2La / 2Gp2De
=25.7 ft
Pp = 25.7 x47.5/144
= 8.5 Psi
Allowable pressure drop
=10Psi
Graphical interpretation:
Software calculations :
Continued
Continued.
Process description:
ID of pipe
OD of
tube
ID of tube
Graphical interpretation:
Process description:
Books references
Internet references
http://chentserver.uwaterloo.ca/courses/Che025Lab/perry/Chap
11.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchanger#Flow_arrangement
http://www.advantageengineering.com/fyi/110/advantageFYI110.
php
http://www.buildingdesign.co.uk/mech/guntner/dry-aircoolers.htm
http://www.engineeringpage.com/heat_exchangers/tema.html
http://www.martechsystems.com/downloads/tech_managingreb
oilerops.pdf
http://www.me.wustl.edu/ME/labs/thermal/me372b5.htm
http://www.pacificconsultant.net/compact_heat_exchanger.htm
http://www.rwholland.com/hairpin.htm
http://www.taftan.com/thermodynamics/EXCHANGE.HTM
http://www.thomasnet.com/about/exchangers-heat-shell-tube26641001.html
Any question.