cell

BY
ARIF MOHIDDIN
MDS 1ST YEAR
DEPT OF ORAL PATHOLOGY

CONTENTS

Introduction

History

Cell components

Conclusion

References

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

Cell theory

- 1839 by Schleiden & Schwann

states that all organisms are composed of similar units of

organization, called cells.
Robert Hooke

In the year 1665

- Examine thin slices of cork
-

looks like small boxes

HOOKE called them - cells

Anton von leeuwenhoek-

first to view organisms in living things

Cell

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes :
- cells that lack a nucleus or membrane
bound organelles .
- Eg : Bacteria
- simplest type of cell
- single circular chromosome

Eukaryotes :
-cell that have a nucleus and membrane
bond organelles
-Eg: plants and animals

CELL COMPONENTS
Cell
Cell membrane

Protoplasm

Cytoplasm

Cell organelles

Nucleus

Cytosol

Cell membrane

PHOSPHOLIPID STRUCTURE

It is composed of two layers of phospholipids and embedded with protiens

It is thin and Semi-permeable

It is Amphipathic

Functions

It separetes the contents of cell from its outside

Environement
It supports the cell and helps in maintaining the shape of
cell
It is semi- permeable
Protiens present in the membrane acts as Pumps ,
channels, Receptors , Enzymes .

ARRANGEMENT OF MEMBRANE PROTIENS

- INTEGRAL PROTIENS
- PERIPHERAL PROTIENS
INTEGRAL PROTIENS :
- External into / through the lipid bilayer
among fatty acid tails and are firmly
embedded in it.
- most are Transmembrane protiens .
Protrude into both cytosol and Extracellular
fluid .
- AMPHIPATHIC .

PERIPHERAL PROTIENS :

They are attached to polar heads of membrane lipids

The carbohydrate portion of glycolipid , glycoproteins form

an extensive surface coat called GLYCOCALYX .

- The pattern of carbohydrate in glycocalyx varies from cell to

cell .

Glycocalyx enables cells adhere to one another In some

tissues.and protects cells from being digested by enzymes in
ECF .

FUNCTIONS OF MEMBRANE PROTIENS :

- INTEGRAL PROTIENS :
- Ion channels
- Carriers
- Receptors
- PERIPHERAL PROTIENS :
- Enzymes
- Linkers

- MEMBRANE FLUIDITY:

-It depends on number of doublebonds in the

fattyacid tails of lipids that make up the
bilayer and amount of cholestrol present
- Each double bond puts a KINK in fatty acid
tail , which increases membrane fluidity by
preventing lipid molecules from packing
tightly in membrane .
- fluidity allows lipid bilayer to self seal if
punctured

- MEMBRANE PERMIABILITY :
- Selective permeable
- permeable to non polar , uncharged
molecules such as oxygen , carbondioxide
etc.
- Impermeable to ions and large uncharged
polar molecules such as glucose .

TRANSPORT ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE :

- PASSIVE PROCESS :
- Simple diffusion
- facilitated diffusion
- osmosis
- ACTIVE PROCESS :
- Endocytosis
- Exocytosis
- Transcytosis

NUCLEUS

Control centre of the cell

Spherical in shape

STRUCTURE
-Nuclear Membrane
-Nuclear pores
-Nuclear lamina
-Chromosomes
-Nucleolus

FUNCTIONS OF THE NUCLEUS

Storage of Hereditary material

Storage of protiens and DNA

Production of Ribosomes

Transport of Hereditary material to rest of cell

PROTIEN SYNTHESIS :

First step is transcription of

mRNA from DNA in nucleous

- Starts at nucleus by formation

of mRNA through a process
called Transcription .

TRANSCRIPTION

-In the nucleus, enzymes make a RNA copy

using
a portion of DNA. The RNA is then transformed
into a messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA
leaves the nucleus through the pores and gets
into the cytoplasm.
- Here, the mRNA mixes with the ribosome,
which begins the process of protein
synthesis. So basically in this stage, RNA is
created, so it can go and make instruct the
making of protein.

TRANSFERAL

In this stage, an amino acid activating enzyme attaches

an amino acid to one end of transfer RNA (tRNA), also

called an adaptor molecule. On the other end of the

adaptor is a condon (a specific three-nucleotide code)

which will be used when the adaptor reaches the mRNA.

Once the condon is retrieved, the mRNA continues to the

ribosome. So basically, in this stage, an adaptor is

connected to an amino acid so it can be energized and

have enough strength to continue its journey.

TRANSLATION

At this point, one amino acid is attached to an adaptor.

Remember that it takes many amino acids to make up

one protein. Therefore, there must be a way to link

these amino acids into a single protein in order to

complete protein synthesis. This is where the ribosome

comes in which is so good at producing proteins that is

often termed a "protein factory." The ribosome "reads"

the start condon (AUG) and associates it with the

proper amino acid. Once all the amino acids have been

linked, mRNA signals STOP. The ribosome releases the

mRNA and the amino acid, and a protein has been

made.

- CYTOPLASM :
- CYTOSOL
- ORGANELLES
- INCLUSIONS
- CYTOSOL :
- 55% of total cell volume .
- It is 75% of water , ions , glucose , amino
acids,protiens, lipids , ATP , waste
products .

CYTOSKELETON :
It is a network of protein filaments that
extends throughout the cytosol .
- 3 types of filamentous protiens contribute
cytoskeleton .
- Microfilaments
- Intermediate filaments
- Microtubules

ORGANELLES :
-

MITOCHONDRIA

RIBOSOMES

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

GOLGI APPARATUS

LYSOSOMES

CENTROSOME

PEROXISOMES

MITOCHONDRIA

Mitochondria (singular, mitochondrion) are

typically tubular or rod shaped organelles found
in the cytoplasm of most cells and produces
enzymes for the metabolic conversion of food to
energy

Power houses of cell

Function ATP production

STRUCTURE

- A mitochondrion contains outer and inner membranes

- composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins.

The two membranes have different properties.

Because of this double-membrane organization, there
are five distinct parts to a mitochondrion.

PARTS :

Outer membrane

Inner membrane

Intermembrane space

Crista

Matrix

RIBOSOMES

Protien synthesizer consisting of two subunits .

Larger one 50 S and smaller 30 S .

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

- Network of hollow membrane tubules

- Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane

Functions in Synthesis of cell products & Transport

Two types of ribosomes

- rough ER
- smooth ER

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Has ribosomes on its surfacemakes membrane proteins and

proteins for Export.

SMOOTH ENDOPASMIC RETICULUM

Lack ribosomes on its surface

It is attached to the ends of Rough ER.

It synthesizes fatty acids

GOLGI APPARATUS :
- Golgi complex is a network of flattened smooth
membranous sacs- cisternae and vesicles.
- These are responsible for the secretion of proteins from
the cells(hormones, plasma proteins, and digestive
enzymes).
- It works in combination with ER.

LYSOSOMES :
- Lysosomes are roughly spherical bodies enclosed by a
single membrane. They are manufactured by the Golgi
apparatus
- They have a single limiting membrane.
- They have an acidic pH- 5
- They have a group of enzymes called Hydrolases

PEROXISOMES

Peroxisomes are about the size of lysosomes (0.51.5 m) and

like them are enclosed by a single membrane.

Peroxisomes are from the ER.

PEROXISOMES.

Some of the functions of the peroxisomes

breakdown of excess fatty acids
break down of hydrogen peroxide.
participates in the synthesis of cholestrol.

CONCLUSION

Every one should be thorough in the cell ,its functions and

their pathology to understand the pathogenesis of the
diseases.

REFERENCES

TORTORA Principles of Anotomy and Physiology

8th Edition

Guyton - Text book of medical physiology

10th Edition

Grays Anotomy 38th Edition

Wheaters oral Histology text book