REFRACTIVE

ERROR
NOOR ASMAH MD AZMI
OPTOMETRIST HSAH
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Visual Assessment 2015

Refractive Error
Common
Error in the focusing of light by the
eye
Caused decreased of Visual Acuity
Rabun

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Visual Assessment 2015

Refractive Error

Myopia
Hyperopia
Astigmatism
Presbyopia

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MYOPIA

Shortsighted (rabun jauh)

Light focus in front of the retina

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Visual Assessment 2015

MYOPIA

Close object looks clear,

distant object looks blur
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MYOPIA
Symptoms:
Blurry vision when looking at distant
objects
The need to squint or partially close the
eyelids to see clearly
Headaches caused by excessive
eyestrain
Difficulty seeing while driving a vehicle,
especially at night (night myopia)
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MYOPIA
In kids, usually detected during early
school years
Symptoms include:
- Squinting the eyes
- Need to sit closer to the television,
movie screen or the front of the
classroom
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Visual Assessment 2015

MYOPIA
Symptoms (cont)
- Hold books very close while reading
- Seem to be unaware of distant
objects
- Blink excessively
- Rubbing eyes frequently

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HYPEROPIA

Longsightedness (rabun dekat)

Light rays focus behind the retina

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HYPEROPIA

Close object looks blur, distant object looks

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HYPEROPIA
Symptoms:
- Headaches
- Eye strain
- Difficulty concentrating or focusing
on nearby objects
- Fatigue or headache after performing
a close task such as reading
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Visual Assessment 2015

ASTIGMATISM

Due to irregular shape of the

cornea
Vision blurs at any distant
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Visual Assessment 2015

ASTIGMATISM

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Visual Assessment 2015

ASTIGMATISM

Symptoms:
Distorted or blurred image
Discomfort or irritation in eyes
Difficulty focusing on printed words
or lines
- Headache

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Visual Assessment 2015

ASTIGMATISM
Symptoms (cont)
- Fatigue in eyes
- Children may tilt or turn their head to
get a clearer image
- Squinting/squeezing eyes to get
clearer image

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PRESBYOPIA

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Old eye
Natural part of aging process
Crystalline lens loses flexibility, making it
hard to focus on close objects
Usually noticeable
in 2015
early or mid 40s
Visual Assessment

PRESBYOPIA

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Visual Assessment 2015

PRESBYOPIA
Symptoms:
- Hold reading material further away to
make the letters clearer
- Blurred vision at normal reading
distance
- Eyestrain or headaches after reading or
doing close work
**Symptoms worsen when tired & in dim
light area

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TREATMENT

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LENSES

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REFRACTION
RA refractive assessment
To determine appropriate lens power
to correct any refractive error
Objective & subjective

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REFRACTION

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REFRACTION

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CYCLOPLEGIC REFRACTION
A procedure used to determine a person's
refractive error by temporarily paralyzing
the muscles that aid in focusing the eye
Cycloplegic eye drop are used to
temporarily paralyze or relax the ciliary
body, or focusing muscle, of the eyes
Normally for children because they
subconsciously accommodate their eyes
during eye examination, making the result
invalid
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Visual Assessment 2015

AMBLYOPIA
Lazy eye
Eye without any pathological disorder
fails to achieve normal visual acuity,
even with correction of glasses
One or both eyes
Causes : uncorrected refractive error,
vision deprivation (cataract, ptosis),
strabismus
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Visual Assessment 2015

AMBLYOPIA
Treatment:
- Correct refractive error/treat the
cause
- Patching therapy
- Penalization

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PATCHING THERAPY

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KERATOMETER
K-reading
Measure corneal curvature of the
anterior surface of the cornea
Determine the power and axis of the
astigmatism

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KERATOMETER

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A-SCAN

Ultrasound
Applanation/immersion
Measure the length of the eyeball
Commonly for IOL calculations

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A-SCAN

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COMPARISON

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