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Behaviour of Gases
Adrian C Todd
Introduction
No definite volume
Ideal Gases
Assumptions
Volume of molecules are insignificant with
respect to the total volume of the gas.
There are no attractive or repulsive forces
between molecules or molecules and container
walls.
No internal energy loss when molecules collide
Ideal Gases
Boyles Law
1
V
P
or
PV cons tan t
T is constant
P = pressure, V = volume, T = temperature
Ideal Gases
Charles Law
VT
or
V
cons tan t
T
P is constant
Pressure and temperature in both laws are in
absolute units
Absolute Units
Temperature
Kelvin K = oC + 273
Rankin oR = oF + 460
Avogadros Law
lb.mole
PV
cons tan t
T
Constant is termed R when quantity of gas is one mole
R is termed Universal Gas Constant
R 10.73
psfta
cu.ft.psia
l b.mol.o R
PV = nRT
A useful equation to compare conditions at two
conditions 1 & 2
PV
n=
RT
therefore
P1V1 P2 V2
T1
T2
m
g weight / volume
V
g is the gas density
For 1 mole m = MW
MW.P
g
RT
Standard Conditions
Tres
TSC
P PA PB PC PD .........
Therefore
RT
RT
RT
RT
nj
P nA
nB
nC
..... i.e. P
V
V
V
V
Therefore
Pj
P
nj
n
yj
Amagats Law
States that the volume occupied by an ideal gas mixture
is equal to the sum of the volumes that the pure
components would occupy at the same temperature and
pressure.
Law of additive volumes.
V VA VB VC ....
RT
RT
RT
V nA
nB
nC
...
P
P
P
Vj
V
nj
n
RT
nj
i.e. V
P
yj
AMW
AMW y jMWj
MWj is the molecular weight of component j.
AMW for air = 28.97
g
air
Mg P
Mg Mg
RT
g
M air P M air 29
RT
Mg = AMW of mixture, Mair = AMW of air
PV znRT
Equation known as the
compressibility equation of state.
Z is not the compressibility
Compressibility factor
To compare states the equation now takes the form
Compressibility factor
T
Tr
Tc
and
P
Pr
Pc
TPC y jTcj
and
PPC y jPcj
Gas
Component
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Total
A
B
C
D
Ppc
Tpc
Mol. WghtMol. Frac. Pc-psi
Tc-oR
16.04
0.921
667
344
614.3
316.8
30.07
0.059
708
550
41.8
32.5
44.09
0.02
616
666
12.3
13.3
1
668.4
362.6
TPR
TPC
and
PPR
PPC
Compressibility
Factors for
From previous exercise
Ppc=668psia
Tpc =362
Naturaland
Gases
& Katz)
Z (Standing
value for this
mixture at
3500psia and 150oF
Ppr = 5.24 and Tpr = 1.68
Z=0.88
from basic
composition.
Definition
Gas Formation Volume Factor is the volume
in barrels (cubic metres) that one standard
cubic foot (standard cubic metre) of gas
willoccupy as free gas in the reservoir at the
prevailing reservoir pressure and
temperature.
Units:
PV znRT
and
z res Tres zSC TSC
PSC TR z R
VR
Bg
Z at standard
conditions = 1.0
1
volume at surface
E
Bg volume in formation
E is referred to as Expansion Factor
VR
SC
VSC
PSC
P
Z at standard conditions = 1.0
Therefore
T PSC cu.ft
Bg z
TSC P scf
Since Tsc=520 oR and Psc= 14.7 psia for most cases
zT res.bbl
Bg 0.00504
P scf
Viscosity of Gases
Divide by density.
Viscosity of Gases
Viscosity
of Gases
At low pressures
viscosity can be
obtained from
correlations.
Viscosity of pure
components at 1 atmos.
Viscosity of Gases
Viscosity of
gases (MW) at
atmospheric
pressure.
Viscosity of Gases
Viscosity Ratio
atmos
Viscosity of Mixtures
mix
y
j
Mj
Mj
a
P 2 V b RT
V
a/V2.
RT
2
V b V
P
ab
a
V 0
P
P
Z Z 1 B ZA AB 0
3
where
aP
RT
and
bP
B
RT
RT
P
Bo RT A o
V2
Co
T 2 bRt a a c 1 exp
3
6
3 2
2
2
V
V
VT
V
V
Bo , A o , Co , a, b, c, , and
Constants which need to be determined by experiment
For mixtures mixing rules required.
RT
a
P
1/ 2
V b T V V b
The term a and b are functions of temperature
At the critical point
R 2 Tc2
RT
a 0.42748
and b 0.08664 c
Pc
Pc
a c
RT
P
V b V V b
1 m 1 Tr
is the Pitzer
accentric factor from
tables
V b V V b b V b
R 2Tc2
a c 0.457235
Pc
and
RTc
b 0.0778
Pc
Application to Mixtures
b y jb j
j
and
a yi y j a i a j 1 k ij
i