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1
2fC
Bandwidth of
an amplifier (BW)
The gain is constant over a frequency
range. The frequencies at which
BW = f2 f1.
20log10(V2 / V1)
= 20 log10(0.707)
= 10 log10 (1 / 2)2
= 10 log10(1/2)
= - 3dB.
If the difference in gain is more than 3 dB,
then it can be detected by human. If it is
less than 3 dB it cannot be detected.
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For a CE Amplifier
Zin = R1 || R2 || Zin(base)
The input coupling capacitor is in series
with RS and Zin
From the circuit theory at XC = R the current
reduces to 0.707 point where the R is total
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I 2 = V2 / ( R 2 + Xc
At R = Xc
I2 = V2 / ( 2.R2 )
= 0.707 (V/R)
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Therefore
(1/2fCin) = (RS + Zin)
Solving for frequency we get
XC = R
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Or
(1/2fCout) = (Rc + RL)
Solving for frequency we get
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We get
(1/2fCb) = (RE||Zout)
Solving for frequency we get
fE = 1/(2(RE||Zout). Cb)
this is the cutoff frequency introduced by
output bypass capacitor
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20
21
= iC / iE
at low frequency approaches unity
but
as frequency increases after a point
alpha start decreasing
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Alpha cutoff
frequency f
defined as the frequency at
which alpha drops to 0.707
of its lower frequency value
f is one of the limitation in
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Current bandwidth
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Further
f = f /
and
f = f / 1.2 approx
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Is Limitation of CB Amplifier
f , f are Limitations of
CE Amplifier
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h- Parameters
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v1 = f1 (i1,v 2 )
i2 = f2 (i1, v 2 )
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v1 = h11 i1 + h12 v 2
i2 = h21 i1 + h22 v 2
where h11 , h12, h21 and h22 are called
h-parameters.
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Defining
h 11
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v1 = h11 i1 + h12 v 2
i2 = h21 i1 + h22 v 2
v1
h11 =
i1
v 2 =0
h 11 designated as h i & is
input impedance
output short circuit to ac.
with
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Defining
h 12
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v1 = h11 i1 + h12 v 2
i2 = h21 i1 + h22 v 2
with
input
open
(dimensionless)
circuited
to
ac
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Defining
h 21
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i2
h21 =
i1
v1 = h11 i1 + h12 v 2
i2 = h21 i1 + h22 v 2
v 2 =0
designated as hf
And is Negative of current gain with output
short circuited to ac.The current entering the
load is negative of I2. This is also known as
Defining
h 22
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v1 = h11 i1 + h12 v 2
i2 = h21 i1 + h22 v 2
designated as ho & is
Output admittance
with input open circuited to ac
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.. CB
CC
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h 11
h 12
h 21
h 22
h ie Input impedance
with a shorted
output
h re Reverse voltage
gain with a open
input
h fe Current gain with
a shorted output
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h oe Output admittance
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Let us consider CE
configuration as show in fig..
The variables iB, iC,vC & vB
represent total instantaneous
values
iB and vC can be taken as
independent variables and
vB, IC as dependent variables
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Therefore
VB = f1(iB, Vc) & Ic = f2 (iB, Vc).
v1 = f1 (i1,v 2 )
i2 = f2 (i1, v 2 )
f1
f1
v B =
iB +
v C
iB v
v C i
C
B
f2
f2
ic =
iB +
v C
iB v
v C i
C
B
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Determination of h - parameters
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hfe
iC2 - iC1
iC
=
=
iB V
ib2 - ib1
C
hoe
iC
=
VC i
B
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VB
hie =
iB
VB
iB V
C
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VC
VC I
VC2 - VC1
B
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Typical CE h-parameters:
(Transistor 2N1573).
hie = 1000 ohm.
hre = 2.5 * 10 4
hfe = 50
hoe = 25 mA/V
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Approximate relations
r parameter
h parameter
hfe
hfe /( hfe+1)
r e
hie /hfe
r c
hfe/ hoe
rb
hrb/ hob
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Typical CE h-parameters:
(Transistor 2N1573).
hie = 1000 ohm.
hre = 2.5 * 10 4
hfe = 50
hoe = 25 mA/V
What is the value of , , re & rc
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std
h11
h12
h21
h22
CE CC CB meaning
hie hic hib Input impedance
with a shorted
output
hre hrc hrb Reverse voltage
gain with a open
input
hfe hfc hfb Current gain with
a shorted output
hoe hoc hob Output
admittance with
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Current gain:
For the transistor amplifier stage,
Gain Ai is defined as the ratio of output
to input currents.
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-IC
IL
Ai =
=
Ib
Ib
IC =
(IL + IC = 0.
IL = -IC )
hfeIb +
hoe Vc
= - IC ZL
Vc = IL ZL
IC = hfe Ib + hoe (-IC ZL )
or
IC
Ib
hfe
=
1+ hoe ZL
hfe
Ai = 1+ hoe ZL
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Input Impedance:
The impedance looking into the
amplifier input terminals (1,1) is the input
impedance Zi
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Voltage gain:
The ratio of output voltage to input voltage
gives the gain of the transistors
VC
IC ZL
Av =
=Vb
Vb
IB .A i .ZL A i ZL
Av =
=
Vb
Zi
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Output Admittance:
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A VS
VC VC Vb
=
=
*
Vs Vb VS
V
s
Vb =
* Zi
Rs +Zi
Zi
= AV .
Zi +Rs
A i ZL
=
Zi +Rs
parameter Exact
AV
Ai
Approximate
h21.ZL/((h11.(1+h22.ZL)h12.h21.ZL)
h21/(1+ h22. ZL)
h21.ZL/h11
h21
Z in
h11 (h12.h21/(h22+1/ZL))
h11
Z out
(RS+h11)/(h22.( RS+h11)-
1/h22
h12.h21
Summary
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