FOOD PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

SOLUBILITY AND COLLIGATIVE

PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION

Widya Dwi Rukmi

Putri

TERMS - MIXTURE
SOLUTION

COLLOID

a homogeneous
mixture containing
particles with the size
of a typical ion or
covalent molecule.
(0.12.0 nm)

a homogeneous
mixture containing
particles with
diameters in the
range 2500 nm

SUSPENSION
are mixtures with even
larger particles, but they
are not considered true
solutions because they
separate upon standing
2

SOLUTION
SOLUTE

SOLVENT

the dissolved
substance in a
solution

the major
component in a
solution

Miscibility
Miscible liquids that completely

dissolved together (Think mixable)

Immiscible two liquids that form
layers when mixed together

SOLUBILITY
How well something dissolves in a solvent is

a solubility
Like dissolves like
Polar solutes will dissolve in polar solvents
Non polar solutes will dissolve in non
polar solvents
Solubility is affected by temperature.
Increase in temperature will increase the
solubility of most of the substances.
Most gases become less soluble in water as
the temperature increases.
5

SOLUBILITY
A solution is saturated when no additional solute

can be dissolved at a particular temperature

A supersaturated solution can form when more

than the equilibrium amount of solute is dissolved

at an elevated temperature, and then the
supersaturated solution is slowly cooled.

An unsaturated solution is formed when more of

the solute can dissolve in it at a particular

temperature.

SOLUBILITY
UNSATURATED
SOLUTION
more solute
dissolves

SATURATED SUPERSATURATED
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
no more solute becomes unstable,
dissolves
crystals form

increasing concentration

SOLUBILITY
The maximum amount of solute that
can dissolve in a specific amount of
solvent (usually 100 g.
g of solute
100 g water

Learning Check
At 40C, the solubility of KBr is 80
g/100 g H2O. Indicate if the following
solutions are
(1) saturated or (2) unsaturated
A. ___60 g KBr in 100 g of water at
40C
B. ___200 g KBr in 200 g of water at
40C
LecturePLUS Timberlake

Temperature and
Solubility
Solid solubility and temperature

solubility increases
with increasing
temperature
solubility
decreases with
increasing
temperature

Temperature and Solubility

Gas solubility and temperature

solubility usually
decreases with
increasing
temperature

12.4

SOLUBILITY GRAPH OF SALTS IN WATER

12

SOLUBILITY GRAPH OF GASES IN WATER

Pressure has little effect on the solubility of liquids and solids. The solubility of gases
is strongly influenced by pressure. Gases dissolve more at high pressure.
13

COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTIES
OF SOLUTION

COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTIES OF
SOLUTIONS
Colligative properties are properties
that depend only on the number of
solute particles in solution and not on
the nature of the solute particles.
Vapor Pressure Lowering
Boiling Point Elevation
Freezing Point Depression
Osmotic Pressure

VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING

Vapor pressure : is the

pressure exerted by a
vapor in equilibrium with
its liquid state.
Liquid molecules at the
surface escape into the
gas phase
These gas particles
create pressure above
the liquid in a closed
container

BOILING POINT ELEVATION

When a solute is dissolved

in a solvent, the boiling

point of that solvent is
raised.
The temperature difference

between a solutions boiling

point and a pure solvent is
called the boiling point
elevation

Boiling Point Elevation Equation

Tb = Kbm
Tb = boiling point elevation
Kb = molal boiling point elevation

constant (these values change

depending on the solvent)
m = molality

FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION

When a solute dissolves into

a solvent, the freezing point

of that solvent can decline.

The decline is referred to as

a freezing point depression.

The freezing point depression

is the difference between the

solutions freezing point and
the normal freezing point of
the solvent.

FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION

Freezing-Point Depression of Solutions

Tf = T0f Tf
T f0 is the freezing point of
the pure solvent
T

is the freezing point of

the solution

T f0> Tf

Tf > 0

Tf = Kf m
m is the molality of the solution
Kf is the molal freezing-point
depression constant (0C/m)

12.6

OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF
SOLUTIONS
Osmotic pressure is the

minimum pressure
which needs to be applied
to a solution to prevent the
inward flow of water across
a semipermeable
membrane
the tendency of a pure
solvent to move through a
semi-permeable membrane
and into a solution
containing a solute

OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF
SOLUTIONS

Problem
What is the boiling point and freezing point of

a 0.058 m aqueous solution of sodium

chloride (NaCl)? Kb = 0.512 C/m
Kf = 1.86 C/m
What is the solvent?

Solubility Curves
Graphical method of showing
solubility of compounds
Used to figure out the amount of
solute that will dissolve at any
temperature given on the graph,
and comparing solubility of
compounds.
For example:
At 60 degrees, you can dissolve
100 grams of KNO3. You can only
dissolve 55 grams of NH4Cl.
How much of Ce2(SO4)3 can
dissolve at 60 degrees?