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When?
Wundt continued
Image s of Wundts
Experimental Tools
Presentation of a choice of
different sensory stimuli
Must choose the correct stimuli
by pressing telegraph key
Chronoscope measured the
reaction times
As tasks became more
complex , incremental
increases in reaction time
indicate deeper mental
processes taking place. taking
In other experiments he wants
to see what the difference if
any is between our immediate
reaction to a sensory stimuli
and our conscious experience
of it.
Schools of Psychological
Science
Structuralism
Functionalism
Behaviorism
Gestalt
Psychoanalysis
Cognitive
Humanistic/Existential
Evolutionary Psychology
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Structuralism
Titchener
Student of Wundt
Introspection (self-observation and
description)
Titchener
"If it is true that all the sciences have the same sort of subjectmatter [experience], there can be no essential difference between
the raw materials of physics and the raw materials of psychology....
All human knowledge is derived from human experience; there is
no other source of knowledge. But human experience, as we have
seen, may be considered from different points of view.... First, we
will regard experience as altogether independent of any particular
person; we will assume that it goes on whether or not anyone is
there to have it. Secondly, we will regard experience as altogether
dependent upon the particular person ; we will assume that it goes
on only when someone is there to have it.... In principle, then,
introspection [in psychology] is very like inspection [in
physics]. The objects of observation are different; they are
objects of dependent, not of independent experience.... And
the standpoint of the observer is different; it is the
standpoint of human life and of human interest, not of
detachment and aloofness. But, in general, the
[observational] method of psychology is much the same as
the method of physics" (Titchener, A Textbook of Psychology,
1910, pp. 16-27, emphasis added).
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Functionalism
Freud: Psychoanalysis
Developed Psychoanalysis
Neurologist/physician
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis
First systematic theory of Personality
Developed first talking cure
Carl Jung
Karen Horney
Erik Erikson
Anna Freud
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Behaviorism
Behaviorism Continued
Behavioral Therapies
Exposure therapy
Systematic Desensitization
Flooding
Operant Based procedures in the
classroom, relationships
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Behaviorism
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Gestalt
German School
Psychological principles
are not reducible and
understandable by their
parts alone.
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Humanistic Psychology
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Humanistic Psychology
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Humanistic Psychology
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Cognitive Psychology
Starts in the 50s and doesnt take off till the 1960s.
It is a reaction to Behaviorism.
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive neuroscience
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Major Psychological
Debates/Points of View
Nature vs nurture
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Focus
Sample Questions
Neuroscience
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Focus
Sample Questions
Psychodynamic
Behavioral
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Focus
Sample Questions
Cognitive
Social-cultural
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Overconfidence
Confirmation Bias
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Critical Thinking
Critical thinking does not accept arguments
and conclusions blindly.
It examines assumptions, discerns hidden
values, evaluates evidence and assesses
conclusions.
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Scientific Method
Psychologists, like all scientists, use the
scientific method to construct theories that
organize, summarize and simplify
observations.
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Theory
A Theory is an explanation that integrates
principles and organizes and predicts
behavior or events.
For example, low self-esteem contributes to
depression.
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Hypothesis
A Hypothesis is a testable prediction, often
prompted by a theory, to enable us to accept,
reject or revise the theory.
People with low self-esteem are apt to feel
more depressed.
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Methods of Research:
Experimentation
Exploring Cause and Effect
Like other sciences, experimentation is the
backbone of psychology research. Experiments
isolate causes and their effects.
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Independent Variable
An Independent Variable is a factor
manipulated by the experimenter. The effect
of the independent variable is the focus of
the study.
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Dependent Variable
A Dependent Variable is a factor that may
change in response to an independent
variable. In psychology, it is usually a
behavior or a mental process.
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Scientific Psychology
Objectivity
Replicability
Falsifiability
Other Methods of
Research
Case Study
Natural Observation
Survey
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Comparison
Below is a comparison of different research
methods.
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