HEAR

T
It is about 12 cm long, 9 cm wide at its broadest point, and 6 cm
thick, with an average mass of 250 g in adult females and 300 g in
adult males
About two-thirds of the mass of the heart lies to the left of the
bodys midline, on mediastinum inferior middle

Mediastinum occupied by the mass of tissue between the two

pulmonary cavities, is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity
Contains all thoracic viscera except the lungs

The pericardium is
a fibroserous
membrane that
covers the heart
and the beginning
of its great vessels
The pericardium is
a closed sac
composed of two
layers :
1.Fibrous
pericardium
2.Serous
pericardium
Parietal layer
Visceral layer

The heart has four chambers: right and left atria and right and
left ventricles

Valves of the heart :

A.Atrioventricular valves
- Tricuspid valve
- Bicuspid valve
B.Semilunar valves
- Aortic valve
- Pulmonary valve

RIGHT ATRIUM :

LEFT ATRIUM :

Pectinate muscle
Right auricle
Opening Inferior vena cava
Opening superior vena cava
Opening coronary sinus
Ovale fossa
Tricuspid valve
Interatrial septum

Pectinate muscle
Left auricle
Opening 4 pulmonary vein
(2 superior and 2 inferior)
Bicuspid valve
Interatrial septum
A slightly thicker wall than that of
the
right atrium

RIGHT VENTRICLE :

LEFT VENTRICLE :

Trabecula carnae
AV Bicuspid valve
Chorda tendinae
Papillary muscle
Semilunar aortic valve
Interventricular septum Walls that
are two to three times as thick as
those of the right ventricle

Trabecula carnae
AV Tricuspid valve
Chorda tendinae
Papillary muscle
Semilunar pulmonary valve
Interventricular septum

Atrium kanan ??

Atrium kiri ??

Ventrikel kanan ??

Ventrikel kiri ??

The pointed apex

is formed by the
tip of
the left ventricle
and rests on the
diaphragm.
It is directed
anteriorly,
inferiorly, and to
the left
Lies posterior to
the left 5th
intercostal space
in adults

Is the heart's
posterior aspect
Is formed mainly
by the left
atrium, with a
lesser
contribution by
the right atrium.
Extends
superiorly to the
bifurcation of
the pulmonary
trunk and
inferiorly to the
coronary sulcus

1. Diaphragmatic (inferior)
surface, formed mainly by
the left ventricle and partly
by the right ventricle; it is
related mainly to the
central tendon of the
diaphragm.
2. Left pulmonary surface,
formed mainly by the left
ventricle; it forms the
cardiac impression in the
leftAtrium
lung.
Atrium
kanan

kiri

Ventrikel
kanan

Ventrikel
kiri

3. Anterior
(sternocostal)
surface, formed
mainly by the
right ventricle.
4. .Right
pulmonary
surface,
formed mainly by
the right
atrium.

1. Right border, formed

by the right atrium and
extending between the
SVC and the IVC.
2. Inferior border , formed
mainly by the right
ventricle and slightly
by the left ventricle.
3. Left border , formed
mainly by the left
ventricle and slightly
by the left auricle.
4. Superior border,
formed by the right
and left atria and
auricles in an anterior
view

Atrium
kanan

Atrium
kiri

Ventrikel
kanan

Ventrikel
kiri

Endocardium, a thin internal

layer (endothelium and
subendothelial connective
tissue) or lining membrane of
the heart that also covers its
valves.
Myocardium, a thick, helical
middle layer composed of
cardiac muscle.
Epicardium, a thin external
layer (mesothelium) formed
by the visceral layer of serous
pericardium

 The isolated fibrous

skeleton is composed
of :
four fibrous rings (or
two rings and two
coronets)
two trigone :
1. Left fibrous trigone
2. Right fibrous
trigone
Membranous portions
of the interatrial,
interventricular, and
atrioventricular septa.

Nutrients are not able to diffuse quickly enough

from blood in the chambers of the heart to supply
all the layers of cells that make up the heart wall.

For this reason, the myocardium has its own

network of blood vessels, the coronary or cardiac
circulation

Left coronary arery

anterior
interventricular

circumflex
branches

supplies
oxygenated
blood to the
walls of both
ventricles

to the
myocardium
of the right
ventricle

Right coronary artery

supplies small branches

(atrial
branches) to the right
atrium
posterior
interventricula
r
To walls of
the two
ventricles

marginal branches

To the walls of
the left
ventricle and
left atrium.

blood passes through the arteries of the coronary

circulation,
flows into capillaries

delivers oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle and collects carbon
dioxide and waste

moves into coronary veins

coronary
sinus

Anterior
Great cardiac Middle cardiac Small cardiac
cardiac
vein
vein
vein
veins

Atrium kanan menerima darah dari vena cava

superior, vena cava inferior dan coronary sinus

Atrium kiri menerima darah dari vena pulmonary

Tekanan dalam atrium kanan meningkat

menyebabkan atrium kanan sistole/kontraksi

Tekanan dalam atrium kiri meningkat menyebabkan

atrium kiri sistole/kontraksi

Katup AV tricuspid terbuka

Katup AV bicuspid terbu

Darah masuk keventrikel kanan sebanyak 25 ml,

sebelumnya di ventrikel ada 105 ml, jadi sekarang
jumlah darah di ventrikel = 130 ml disebut EDV(END
DIASTOLIC VOLUME)
Tekanan dalam ventrikel kanan meningkat ventrikel
kanan sistole/kontraksi

Darah masuk keventrikel kiri sebanyak 25 ml,

sebelumnya di ventrikel ada 105 ml, jadi sekarang
jumlah darah di ventrikel = 130 ml disebut EDV(END
DIASTOLIC VOLUME)
Tekanan dalam ventrikel kiri meningkat ventrikel
kiri sistole/kontraksi

Katup AV tricuspid terttutup. KARENA katup AV

tricuspid dan katup semilunar pulmonary juga
tertutup, maka kondisi ini disebut ISOVOLUMETRIC
CONTRACTION
Karena ventrikel kanan terus menerus kontraksi,
mengakibatkan katup semilunar pulmonary terbuka

Katup AV bicuspid terttutup. KARENA katup AV

bicuspid dan katup semilunar aortic juga tertutup,
maka kondisi ini disebut ISOVOLUMETRIC
CONTRACTION
Karena ventrikel kiri terus menerus kontraksi,
mengakibatkan katup semilunar aortic terbuka

Darah mengalir ke pulmonary trunk sebanyak 70 ml,

volume darah sisa di ventrikel kanan 60 ml, disebut
ESV(END SYSTOLIC VOLUME)
Tekanan dalam ventrikel kanan berkurang, ventrikel
diastole/relaksasi

Darah mengalir ke aorta sebanyak 70 ml, volume

darah sisa di ventrikel kanan 60 ml, disebut ESV(END
SYSTOLIC VOLUME)
Tekanan dalam ventrikel kiri berkurang, ventrikel
diastole/relaksasi

Darah di pulmonary trunk turun kembali menuju ke

arah ventrikel kanan yg tekanannya mulai berkurang
katup semilunar pulmonary tertutup karena
katup AV tricuspid dan semiluinar pulm,onary
tertutup maka kondisi ini disebut ISOVOLUMETRIC
RELAXATION
Darah menuju ke artery pulmonaryparu-paruvena
pulmonary atrium kiri

Darah di aorta turun kembali menuju ke arah ventrikel

kiri yg tekanannya mulai berkurang katup
semilunar aortic tertutup karena katup AV
bicuspid dan semiluinar aortic tertutup maka kondisi
ini disebut ISOVOLUMETRIC RELAXATION
Darah menuju ke seluruh tubuh vena cava
superior,vena cava inferior dan coronary sinus