CHAPTER 5

Temperature and Heat

 
TEMPERATURE
 ~ is a quantitative measure of
hot and cold. The temperature of
an object is a number that uniquely
determines whether it is hotter or
colder than another object. It is
useful to examine the structure of
matter on an atomic scale before
defining temperature precisely.
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND THE PHASES OF
MATTER
vAtom – the smallest unit of an element.

vMolecule – is a bound combination of atoms, is the

smallest unit of compound

vPhases of Matter
Solid – are bound to one another as if connected
by springs.
Liquid – are freer to move, they can slide over
one another with ease.
Gas – are much farther apart than in either solids
or liquids.
TEMPERATURE SCALES AND
THERMOMETERS
vCelsius
vFahrenheit
vKelvin
v
Conversion from Celsius to Fahrenheit
T (ºF) = 9/5 T (ºC) + 32

Conversion from Fahrenheit to Celsius

T (ºC) = 5/9 [ T (ºF) – 32

Conversion from Celsius to Kelvin

T(K) = T (ºC) + 273.15

Thermometer
~ any device that measures temperature.
Coefficients of Thermal Expansion at
20 oC
Substance Linear Coefficient
α (1/ oC)

Aluminum 24 x 10 -6

Brass 19 x 10 -6

Copper 17 x 10 -6

Glass (ordinary) 9 x 10 -6

Glass (Pyrex) 3 x 10 -6

Iron/Steel 12 x 10 -6

Lead 29 x 10 -6

Ice 51 x 10 -6

Gasoline
320 x 10 -6

Mercury
60 x 10 -6

Water
70 x10 -6
THERMAL EXPANSION
The quantitative expression for the amount of linear thermal
expansion in an object is:
ΔL = L  Δ T
where:
ΔL – the change in the length of the object
ΔT – change in temperature of the object
 - is its coefficients of linear expansion for various
substances

Example:
What is the change in length of a column of mercury 3.0 cm
long if its temperature increases from 37º to 40º?

Solution:
ΔL = LΔT
= (3.0 cm) [ (60 x 10 -6 )/ºC] (3.0ºC)
ΔL = 5.4 x 10 cm
DENSITY
~ is defined as the mass per unit volume occupied by an
object or substance.
ρ = m/V

where:
ρ – is the Greek letter rho and stands for density
m – is the mass
V – is the volume

Example:
What is the mass of a liter of whole blood? (1 liter = 10³ cm³)
ρ= m/V so m=ρV
=(1.05 g/cm³) (10³ cm³)
m= 1.05 x 10³ g = 1.05 kg
HEAT : ONE CAUSE OF TEMPERATURE
CHANGE
Heat – is defined as energy that flows from hot to cold
until common temperature is reached.

Specific Heat
The amount of heat needed to cause a temperature
change depends on the mass of the object, the size of the
temperature change, ΔT, and the substance of which the
object is made. This expressed as
Q=smΔT
Where:
Q – is the amount of heat
m – is the mass of the object
s – is the specific heat of the substance.