General Anatomy by Chaman Lal Karotia

General Anatomy
Introduction to Medical
Terminology
By: Dr Chaman Lal

BSPT, PPDPT, Dip.In.Sports Inj, MPPS(Pak),
Post-Graduation in Clinical Neurophysiology
(Aga Khan University Hospital),
Registered EEG.T(USA),
Member of ABRET, AANEM & ASET(USA)
Study Outlines
Brief History of Anatomy & Anatomists
Anatomy definition
Branches of Anatomy
Body Type-Somatotype
Anatomical Body Position
Planes of Motion
Anatomical Directional Terms
Anatomy Movement
References
General Anatomy Introduction By CK
05-11-2014
HISTORY OF ANATOMY
HIPPOCRATES(460-377BC)
Greek physician
Father of Medicine
His name is memorialized in the
Hippocratic oath
Humoral theory :
Four body humors
-Blood
-Phlegum
-Yellow bile
-Black bile
Attributed diseases to natural causes .
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HEROPHILUS (about 325BC)
Father of Anatomy
Performed:
-Vivi-sections
(dissections of living humans) and
dissections of human cadavers
Regarded Brain As Seat Of Intelligence
Described Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Fourth
Ventricle
First to identify nerves as sensory or motor.
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SIXTEENTH CENTURY
VESALIUS(1514- 1654)
His work De humani corporis fabrica

written in 7 volumes
His work revolutionized the teaching of
anatomy and ruled for two centuries
He has not attached his name to the
parts of body he described unlike
anatomists
Sylvius,
Fallopius,
Eustachius.
Father of Modern Anatomy
Reformer of Anatomy
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ANATOMY
Anatomy
Ana (Gr)
Apart
Dissection
Tome (Gr)
To Cut
Dissecare (Latin)
To cut apart
Definition: The scientific study of structure and the

relationships among structures is called Anatomy
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SUBDIVISIONS
OF
ANATOMY
Branches of
Anatomy
Gross/ Cadaveric Anatomy

Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
Developmental Anatomy (Embryology)
Living Anatomy
Clinical Anatomy (Applied)
Neuroanatomy
Surface (Topographic) Anatomy
Radiographic Anatomy
Comparative Anatomy
Sectional Anatomy
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Gross Anatomy
Definition:
That which can be seen with the naked eye
Kinds/Types:
Regional:
Body
Systematic:
Body
studied by area
studied by system
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REGIONAL ANATOMY
GROSS ANATOMY
- Brain
- Head and neck
-Thorax
- Upper Limb
- Abdomen
- Lower limb
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
- Integumentary system
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
- Nervous system
- Cardiovascular system
- Lymphatic system
- Endocrine system
- Digestive system, Respiratory system,
Urogenital
system
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Microscopic Anatomy
Definition:
That which can be seen with the assisted eye
Kinds/Types:
Cytology:
The
Histology:
The
study of tissues
Organology:
The
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study of cells
study of organs
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Developmental Anatomy
Definition:
The study of anatomical changes in a life cycle
Kinds/Types:
Embryology:
The
Postnatal development:
The
study of prenatal development

study of structures after birth
Ontogeny:
Total
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development of an individual
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Comparative Anatomy
Definition:
Comparison of structures between organisms
Kinds/Types::
Vertebrate:
Comparison
Phylogeny:
The
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of structures among the vertebrate classes
study of phyla, and their relationships
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Somatotypes
Ectomorph
Mesomorph
Muscular Physique
Endomorph
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Small Bone Lean

Body
Round soft body
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Positions of the Body

There
a)
b)
c)
d)
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are four basic positions of the body ;

Anatomical Position
Supine Position
Prone Position
Lithotomy Position
General Anatomy Introduction By

CK
05-11-2014
a).
The anatomical position is a standardized method of

observing or imaging the body that allows precise and
consistent anatomical references.
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Anatomical Position
Standing Upright
Facing The Observer, Head Level
Eyes Facing Forward
Feet Flat On The Floor
Arms At The Sides
Palms turned forward (ventral)
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Anatomical Position
Definition:
In this position, the body is erect, the

eyes look straight to the front, the
upper limbs hang bye the side of the
trunk with the palms directed
forwards, and the lower limbs are
parallel with the toes pointing
forwards.
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b).
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Supine Position
If the body is lying face up, it is in the supine position.
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b). Prone Position

If
the body is lying face down, it is in the prone

position.
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d). Lithotomy Position

Lying
supine with buttocks at the edge of the table,

the hips and knees fully flexed and the feet
strapped in position.
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Planes of Motion
Sagittal Plane
Frontal Plane
Transverse Plane
Example of how planes would cut the brain
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CK
05-11-2014
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Body Planes
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Body Planes
Sagittal -- vertical plane that
divides the body into RIGHT
and LEFT parts
Frontal -- vertical plane that
divides the body into
ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR
parts
Transverse
Plane
Transverse -- horizontal planes

that divides the body into TOP
and BOTTOM parts
Frontal
Plane
Sagittal Plane
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Cardinal or Mid Planes

DEFINITION -- if a
plane passes through
the body such that it
divides it into equal
mass halves
SAGITTAL
PLANE
MID-SAGGITAL
PLANE
INTERSECTION -- the
point at which the midsagittal, mid-frontal, and
mid-transverse planes
intersect is the CENTER
OF MASS
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Sagittal Plane
Divides
the body into

left and right
Passes from front to
back
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CK
05-11-2014
Frontal Plane
Divides
the body
into front and back
Passes from side to
side
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CK
05-11-2014
Transverse Plane
Divides
body into top

and bottom
Passes
perpendicular
to the long axis
of the body
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Anatomical Direction
Directional Terms Used in

Describing Anatomy
SUPERIOR
Directed upwards or towards the
head
INFERIOR Directed downwards or towards
the feet
ANTERIOR Directed towards the front of the
body
POSTERIOR Directed towards the back of the
body
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Superior
Inferior
Anterior
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Posterior
Higher than another

structure
Lower than another
Structure
In front of another
structure
Behind another structure

CK
05-11-2014
Medial
Lateral
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Proximal
Distal
Closer to the long axis of

the body
Farther from the long
axis of the body
Structure closer to the
beginning of the
extremity
Structure farther from
the beginning of the
extremity

CK
05-11-2014
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Superficial
Deep
Nearer to the surface

Farther from the surface

CK
05-11-2014
Anatomical Movement
Movement
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
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Adduction
Decrease in the angle of

a joint
Increase in the angle of
a joint
Movement away from
the midline of the body
Movement toward the
midline of the body

CK
05-11-2014
Movement
Dorsiflexion
Plantar Flexion
Inversion
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Eversion
Flexion of the foot at the

ankle
Extension of the foot at
the ankle
Sole of the foot turned
inward
Sole of the foot turned
outward

CK
05-11-2014
Movement
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Supination
Pronation
Palms upward
Palms downward
Pivot motion about the long

axis of the body
Combination of
Abduction,Adduction and
Rotation
Rotation
Circumduction

CK
05-11-2014
MCQs
Q. During flexion of the arm, the arm moves:
a) Upwards
b) Downwards
c) Medial
d) Lateral
39

CK
05-11-2014
Success doesnt lie in the Results

but in the Efforts
Being the best is NOT so important
Doing the best is all that Matters!
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General Anatomy by Chaman Lal Karotia

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General Anatomy

By: Dr Chaman Lal

General Anatomy Introduction By CK

HEROPHILUS (about 325BC)

General Anatomy Introduction By CK

His work De humani corporis fabrica

Definition: The scientific study of structure and the

General Anatomy Introduction By CK

Gross/ Cadaveric Anatomy

That which can be seen with the naked eye

General Anatomy Introduction By CK

- Head and neck

That which can be seen with the assisted eye

The study of anatomical changes in a life cycle

study of prenatal development

Comparison of structures between organisms

of structures among the vertebrate classes

study of phyla, and their relationships

General Anatomy Introduction By CK

Small Bone Lean

Round soft body

General Anatomy Introduction By CK

Positions of the Body

are four basic positions of the body ;

General Anatomy Introduction By

The anatomical position is a standardized method of

General Anatomy Introduction By CK

In this position, the body is erect, the

General Anatomy Introduction By CK

If the body is lying face up, it is in the supine position.

General Anatomy Introduction By CK

b). Prone Position

the body is lying face down, it is in the prone

General Anatomy Introduction By CK

d). Lithotomy Position

supine with buttocks at the edge of the table,

General Anatomy Introduction By CK

Example of how planes would cut the brain

General Anatomy Introduction By

General Anatomy Introduction By CK

General Anatomy Introduction By CK

Transverse -- horizontal planes

Cardinal or Mid Planes

the body into

General Anatomy Introduction By

General Anatomy Introduction By

body into top

General Anatomy Introduction By CK

Directional Terms Used in

Directed upwards or towards the

General Anatomy Introduction By CK

General Anatomy Introduction By CK

Higher than another

General Anatomy Introduction By

Closer to the long axis of

General Anatomy Introduction By

Nearer to the surface

General Anatomy Introduction By

Decrease in the angle of

General Anatomy Introduction By

Flexion of the foot at the

General Anatomy Introduction By

Pivot motion about the long

General Anatomy Introduction By