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Hapsari Mahatmi, MP
Signs
Respiratory signs.
Greenish-yellow diarrhoea.
Depression.
Weakness.
Inappetance.
Weight loss.
Nasal discharge.
Conjunctivitis.
Occasional transient ataxia in pigeons.
Production drops in naive laying flocks
Post-mortem lesions
Vascular congestion.
Wasting.
Fibrinous pericarditis.
Airsacculitis.
Perihepatitis.
Spleen enlarged and congested, may rupture in pigeons.
Necrotic foci in liver.
Fibrinous pneumonia.
Congested lungs and air sacs in the turkey.
Diagnosis
History, signs, lesions. Intracytoplasmic inclusions are
helpful but confirmation requires demonstration of causal
organisms (Giemsa stain, IFA).
Serology: complement fixation, Elisa and gel diffusion.
Differentiate from Duck viral hepatitis, Duck septicaemia.
Treatment
Tetracycline (200-800 ppm in feed for 3-4 weeks) and/or quinolone
medication and supervised slaughter.
Prevention
Biosecurity, exclusion of wild birds.
Live and inactivated vaccines are protective although the former
result in carriers and the latter require several applications
Infectious coryza
Etiologic agent: Hemophilus paragallinarum bacteria
- Qualitative detection of Infectious coryza (Hemophilus
paragallinarum bacteria) by polymerase chain reaction
Infectious coryza (IC) is an infectious respiratory disease found in
many avian species worldwide. The causative agent of IC is
Hemophilus paragallinarum. The disease can be acute to subacute
at onset but typically progresses to a chronic state, with infected
birds becoming carriers of the bacteria. Common names for the
disease include roup, cold and coryza. In the United States, it is
predominantly found in small noncommercial, or hobby flocks.
While chickens are the primary host of infectious coryza, pheasants,
guinea fowl and turkeys are also susceptible.
Morphology :
H. paragallinarum bacteria have a polar staining and pleomorphic
rod morphology. The bacterium is non-motile and gram negative.
There are three antigenic types (A, B, and C) which all share
certain antigens. H. paragallinarum requires both X and V
factors in the media to grow.
Culture identification has traditionally been used to identify this
bacterium. However, the stringent requirements for sample
handling for culture for this bacterium, long incubation time and
the occurrence of numerous variants of the bacteria have made
culture difficult to perform and not optimally sensitive.
Serological detection of H. paragallinarum is limited by
availability of good monoclonal antibodies and the sensitivity of
the individual assay protocol. Molecular detection by PCR has
been confirmed to be the most sensitive, specific and rapid way
of identifying this bacterium (Blackall, 1999).
Signs
Respiratory symptoms such as coughing, sneezing and a nasal
discharge.
In the air sac syndrome there is an extensive involvement of the
entire respiratory system. The air sacs are often cloudy and
contain large amounts of exudate. Affected birds become
droopy, feed consumption decreases and there is a rapid loss of
body weight.
Therapy :
high levels of one of the broad spectrum antibiotics (Tylosin,
aureomycin, terramycin, gallimycin) either in feed, drinking
water or by injections. The "upper"; form of infectious
sinusitis can be treated with success by injecting antibiotics
into the swollen sinus cavity.