Introduction to

Biotechnology
Ocky Karna Radjasa

ORGANISMS
ORGANS
TISSUES
CELLS
ORGANELLES

NUCLEI; MITOCHONDRIA; CHLOROPLASTS

MULTI ENZYME COMPLEXES, RIBOSOMES,
CHROMOSOMES, MEMBRANES,
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS, CONTRACTILE
SYSTEMS

Supramolecular Assemblies
Particle weight 10 6 - 10 10

Macromolecules
MW 10 4 - 10 9

NUCLEIC
ACIDS

PROTEIN

Building Block
MW 100 - 800

Nucleotides

Amino acids

Sugars

Fatty acids

Small precursor
MW 100 - 250

5 Aromatic
Bases Riboses

20 Amino
acids

Glucose

Palmitate,
Glycerol,
Choline

Environmental
precursors
MW : 18 - 44

POLYSACHARIDE

CO2
CO
2
H
O
H22O
N2
N
2

LIPIDS

What is Biotechnology?
Biotechnology is the manipulation of

living organisms and other biological

systems to serve human needs.

What Is Biotechnology?
Using scientific methods with organisms

to produce new products or new forms of

organisms
Any technique that uses living organisms
or substances from those organisms to
make or modify a product, to improve
plants or animals, or to develop
microorganisms for specific uses

Biotechnology
Using scientific processes

to get new organisms or

new products from
organisms.

Color Type

Area of Biotech Activities

Red

Health, Medical, Diagnostics

Yellow

Food Biotechnology, Nutrition Science

Blue

Aquaculture, Coastal and Marine Biotech

Green

Agricultural, Environmental Biotechnology Biofuels, Biofertilizers,

Bioremediation, Geomicrobiology

Brown

Arid Zone and Desert Biotechnology

Dark

Bioterrorism, Biowarfare, Biocrimes, Anticrop warfare

Purple

Patents, Publications, Inventions, IPRs

White

Gene-based Bioindustries

Gold

Bioinformatics, Nanobiotechnology

Grey

Classical Fermentation and Bioprocess Technology

Multidisciplinary
Involves many disciplines

or branches of learning
Includes all areas of Life
Sciences

Biotech areas
Medicine
Agriculture
Environment
Forestry
Food and beverage processing
Drugs from the sea
Biodeterioration

Gene Expression

Discovering the structure of DNA

Structure was discovered in 1953 by James
Watson and Francis Crick

Double helix-DNA

The polymerase chain

reaction (PCR) is a technique
to amplify a piece of DNA very
rapidly outside of a cell.

PCR Amplifies DNA

Diagnosis by detecting an organisms DNA

Epidemiology by then comparing amplicons
Genetic engineering through using the product in cloning
Phylogeny through sequencing

DNA Sequencing
DNA sequencing used to determine the

actual DNA sequence of an organism.

Using a computer, one can identify an organism,

and predict protein sequences and functions based
on the nucleic acid data.

Capillary tubes
Reagents

Sample tray
goes here

Inside the sequencer

Automated procedure for DNA sequencing

 BLAST: http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/BLAST/

Blast homology result

The fact about microbial diversity

1% Culturable

99% Unculturable

Culture-Independent Strategy to Identify the Producer of natural products

Construct DNA
library

Isolate DNA

Metagenomic DNA

E. coli carrying foreign DNA

Search for
biosynthesis
genes

Analyze DNA
Express in culturable
bacterium
Biosynthetic gene
cluster

Sustainable drug
source

Marine Biodeterioration
Biodegradation is transformation of a

substance into new compounds through

biochemical reactions or the actions of
microorganisms
Biofouling is the accumulation of
microorganisms, plants, algae, or animals on
wetted surfaces
Biocorrosion is the gradual destruction of
materials, (usually metals) by microorganisms

What Is Bioremediation?
Bioremediation- using biological

processes to solve environmental

problems

How Can Bioremediation Be

Used?
Oil spills
Wastewater treatment
Heavy metal removal
Chemical degradation