Work Over & Stimulation - Mid 2 (B.tech, M.tech)

Well Completion,
Workovers and Stimulation
Well Completion Design

What is a oil and gas well?
Well is a source or conduit of communication with
underground reservoir or producing formation.
The effectiveness of communication is a vital factor
in reservoir drainage as well as overall economics.
Well represent a major expenditure in reservoir
development.
The individual well completion must be designed to
yield maximum overall profitability on a field basis.

Factors influencing completion design:
Reservoir considerations.
Reservoir pressures of various formations over lying the
producing formations.
reservoir Pressures of hydrocarbon bearing formations
Production rate
Number of reservoirs or formations likely to produce
hydrocarbons.
Reservoir drive mechanisms
Secondary/tertiary recovery methods envisaged
Stimulations technique likely to be utilized down the timeline.
Well interventions likely to be performed from time to time.
Reservoir heterogeneity or uniformity
Stimulation techniques likely to be utilised down the time line
and Nature of techniques.
Well intervention methods envisage to b adopted

Factors influencing completion design: Reservoir Drive Mechanism
In Dissolved Gas Drive Mechanism the source of pressure is principally and
primarily the liberation and expansion of gas from the oil as pressure is
reduced.
With no attempt to maintain pressure by fluid injection pressure peaks declines
rapidly, GOR peaks rapidly, primary oil recovery is relatively low .
Recompletion could not be expected to reduce GOR
A Original Condition
B- 50% Depleted
Dissolved Gas Drive Mechanism

Factors influencing completion design: Reservoir Drive Mechanism
In dissolved gas drive wells need to be spaced in regular pattern throughout
the reservoir in low structural relief throughout the reservoir provided the
formation is not stratified (refer Figure A on the left).
In dissolved-gas-drive it is prudent to avoid drilling in structurally high

wells. Fig. B on right side
A Dissolved Gas Drivelow angle of dip
B-Dissolved Gas Drive High Angle of Dip
Dissolved Gas Drive Mechanism

Factors influencing completion design: Reservoir Drive Mechanisms:
A water drive uses primarily expansion or influx of water from outside and or below
the reservoir. Pressure remains high, GOR remains stable and relatively high.
Down structure wells soon begin to produce formation water.
Eventually even up-structure wells do produce significant amount of formation
water.
The effect of the reservoir drive mechanism on producing well characteristics
must be taken into deciding about completion at the initial stage of completion
and later while recompleting the well during W/O operations.
Oil Zone
Gas Cap
Water Zone
Water Drive Mechanism
Gas Cap Drive

Factors influencing completion design: Reservoir Drive Mechanisms:
A water drive uses primarily expansion or influx of water from outside and or below
the reservoir. Pressure remains high, GOR remains stable and relatively high.
Down structure wells soon begin to produce formation water.
Eventually even up-structure wells do produce significant amount of formation
water.
The effect of the reservoir drive mechanism on producing well characteristics
must be taken into deciding about completion at the initial stage of completion
and later while recompleting the well during W/O operations.
Oil Zone
Gas Cap
Water Zone
Water Drive Mechanism
Gas Cap Drive
Wellheads & Christmas

Trees
Wellheads & Christmas

Trees
Wellhead and X-mas Tree
Wellhead and Christmas Tree -Typical
Wellhead and Christmas Tree Typical Components
Well Completion, Workovers and

Stimulation
Wellheads & Christmas Trees - Components
Wellhead & Christmas Tree
Wellhead & Christmas Tree - Components

Stimulation
Wellhead Cut out
Christmas Tree - Components
Wellhead Integral Type
Wellheads & Christmas Tree Cross

and Tee
Wellheads and Christmas Tree Clamp Type
Wellheads & Christmas Tree
Wellhead & Christmas Tree Clamps
Wellhead & Christmas

Trees
Introduction
Wellhead Equipment: General term used to describe

equipment attached to the top of the tubular goods used in
a well-to support the tubular strings, provides seals
between strings, and control production from the well.
The American Petroleum Institute (API) is an active
organization set up to establish standards in sizes, grades,
designs, dimensions, and quality to provide safe
interchangeable equipment for the industry,.
This section is confined to equipment for the industry,
covered by API Spec. 6A for wellhead equipment.
Well Heads & X-mass Trees

The most visible part of the surface equipment of a
production or injection well excluding lift equipment
and surface piping is what most call as the wellhead.
The American Petroleum Institute published and
maintains API Specification 6A, Specification for
wellheads and Christmas Tree.
This Specification defines a standard nomenclature for
definition of components for the definition of
components and describes manufacturing requirements
for the components.
Wellhead & Christmas

Trees
There are two types of API Well head
Equipment
API Flanged
Clamped
Wellheads and Christmas Trees

Pressure containment
When drilling a well on land or onshore, a spool
wellhead system is traditionally used, as shown
in Figures earlier.
This wellhead is considered a build as you go
wellhead system. It is assembled as the
drilling process/operation proceeds. The spool
system consists of the following main
components:
Starting casing head.
Intermediate casing spools.
Slip casing hanger and seal.
Tubing spool (if well is to be tested
and/or completed).

Starting casing head
The starting casing head (see

opposite Figs. ) is attached to the
surface casing (conductor) by
either welding or threading on to
the conductor.
The top of the starting casing
head has a flange to mate with
the bottom of the BOP. The flange
must meet both size and pressure
requirements.
The starting casing head has a
profile located in the inside
diameter (ID) that will accept a
slip-and-seal assembly to land and
support the next string of casing.
The slip-and-seal assembly
transfers all of the casing weight

Intermediate casing spools
Intermediate casing spool is typically a
flanged-by-flanged pressure vessel with
outlets for annulus access (see Fig. ).
The intermediate casing spool (or spools)
is installed after each additional casing
The top flange will have a pressure
string has been run, cemented, and set.
rating higher than the bottom flange to
cope with expected higher wellbore
pressures as that hole section is drilled
The bottom section of each
deeper.
intermediate casing spool
seals on the outside diameter Intermediate casing spool also
incorporates a profile located in the
(OD) of the last casing string
ID, which accepts a slip-and-seal
that was installed.
assembly similar to the one installed
in the starting casing head. This slipThe bottom flange will mate with the
and- seal will be sized in accordance
starting casing head or the previous
with the casing program.
intermediate casing spool.

Tubing spool
The tubing spool, as shown in Fig.
opposite, is the last spool installed before
the well is completed.
The tubing spool differs from the
intermediate spool in one way:
it has a profile for accepting a solid bodytubing hanger with a lockdown feature
located around the top flange.
The lockdown feature ensures that the
tubing hanger cannot move because of
pressure or temperature.
The flange sizes vary in accordance with
pressure requirements.

Load-carrying components
Casing weight is transferred to the
starting casing head and intermediate
spools with two different types of hanger
systems:
A slip-and-seal casing-hanger
assembly.
A mandrel-style casing hanger.

The slip-and-seal casing-hanger assembly
(see Figure opposite) has an OD profile
that mates/matches with the internal
profile of the starting casing head and
intermediate casing spools.
Integral to this casing-hanger assembly is
a set of slips with a tapered wedge-type
back and serrated teeth that bite into the
OD of the casing being suspended.
Photo of a typical weight-set slipand-seal assembly with casing-head

installation components.

Tubing Hangers
Traditionally, mandrel hangers, as shown in
opposite Fig. are used only to suspend tubing
from the tubing head.
Occasionally, they can also be used in
intermediate casing spools as an alternative to
Cutaway of Mandrel Type Tubing
the slip-and-seal casing-hanger assembly.
Hanger
The mandrel hanger is a solid body with a through-bore ID similar to that of the
tubing or casing run below, and it also has penetrations for down-hole safety
valve line(s) and temperature and pressure gauges, if required.
Traditionally, in spool wellheads, elastomeric seals are used to seal the annulus
between the casing-spool body and the casing or tubing hanger.
Tubing Hangers
Casing Hangers

Annulus seals
The seals used on spool wellhead systems are traditionally
elastomeric. This is primarily because the seal must be
energized against the casing-bowl ID, and must also seal
against the rough finish of the casing OD.
This elastomeric sealing system is used for the slip-and-seal
assembly, as well as the bottom of the intermediate casing or
tubing spools. The slip-and-seal assembly (see opposite figure )
provides a primary annulus seal, while the elastomeric seal in
the bottom of each casing and tubing spool also provides a seal.
The casing-spool flange connection becomes a secondary seal for both annulus and wellbore
pressure.
The elastomeric seals are manufactured using different materials to allow for various pressures,
produced fluids, and other environmental conditions.
The exception is the seal between each flange face, which is a metal-to-metal sealing ring
gasket that provides a pressure-tight seal between each of the spool flanges. Ring gaskets are
also used between the wellhead and the BOP stack, as well as the valves used for annulus
access

Product material specifications
When ordering wellhead equipment, the following should be considered:
All surface wellhead equipment and gate valves should be manufactured to:
The latest edition of the American Petroleum Inst. (API) and
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards.
National Association ot corrosion Engineers
These standards define equipment specifications as follows:
1.Material class: based on produced fluids; AA, BB, CC, DD, EE, FF, and HH.
2.Tables available in the API specs cover typical gate-valve sizes and trims.
These trims are also applicable to surface wellheads.
3.Temperature range: 75 to +350F.
4.Review the relevant API specifications for your application or consult your
equipment supplier for further information.

Stimulation
Types of wellhead systems
Wellhead systems differ by well location:
Land
Surface locations offshore (jackup or platform)
Subsea
Offshore wellhead systems are normally more sophisticated in design to handle ocean
currents, bending loads, and other loads induced by the environment during the life of the
well.
Some of these loads are cyclic in nature, so fatigue-resistant designs are desirable,
particularly for deepwater developments. Material specifications play an important role in
equipment performance; helpful standards are available from organizations such as:
American Petroleum Institute (API)

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE Intl.)

Offshore wells
Types of wellhead systems (Continued)
In certain applications such as deepwater platforms, spars, and

tension-leg platforms (TLPs), surface wellheads and subsea wellheads are used together
to safely produce hydrocarbons.
In water depths of 500 to 1,400, subsea wellheads are used to explore and develop
offshore fields.
Deepwater production platforms can be placed over these wells and tied back to the
subsea wellheads; the top termination of the tieback at the platform will typically use
surface unitized wellheads with solid block Christmas trees (which have fewer leak
paths) as pressure-controlled access points to each well.
Spars and TLPs are floating vessels used in deep water up to 4,500 ft. The wells are
drilled using subsea wellheads, which are then tied back to the production deck of the
spar or TLP, again using unitized wellheads and solid block trees to safely control and
produce the well. For these special applications, it is strongly recommended to seek the
advice of equipment supplier for more detailed information.
Wellheads & Christmas Trees

Pressure Ratings
Nominal Pressure Rating of Wellheads and Christmas Trees
API Pressure Rating ,
MPa
API Pressure Rating

in Psi
13.8
2,000
20.7
3,000
34.5
5,000
69.0
10,000
103.5
15,000
138.0
20,000
De-rated Pressure Ratings of Wellheads and Christmas Trees

Pressure Rating, De-rated Pr.
Rating
De-rated Pr.
Rating
Class K to U
Class X, MPA(PSI)
Class Y,
MPa( PSI
13.8(2000)
13.1(1905)
9.9(1430)
20.7(3000)
19.7(2860)
14.8(2,145)
Wellheads & Christmas Trees

API Specification 6A (ISO 10423) recommends product specification
levels (PSLs) for equipment with quality control requirements for
various service conditions.
PSLs apply to primary equipment:
tubing heads
tubing hangers, hanger couplings
tubing head adapters
lower master valves
All other wellhead parts are classified as secondary. The PSL for
secondary equipment may be the same or less than the PSL for primary
equipment.
Well Completion Tubing

Very frequently tubulars used in O & G industry is termed as Oil Country Tubular
Goods (OCTG)
Once the casing is run and held in place with cement, production tubing is run into the
oil and gas well.
These tubings do comply with API Specification 5CT.
Singles of tubing are connected together with couplings to make up a tubing string.
Running tubing into an oil & gas well is much the same as for running in casing, but
tubing is smaller in diameter and is removable.
The production string provides a continuous bore from the reservoir to the wellhead and
together with the other components of the production string, produces oil and gas at the
surface.
As opposed to casing, production tubing is designed to enable quick, efficient, and safe
installation, removal and re-installation.
Oil and gas is also produced more effectively through tubing than through largerdiameter production casing.
Well Completion Tubing Sizes
OD of Tubing, Inches
Corresponding
Poundage, PPF
1.050
1.14 PPF to 1.54 PPF
1.315
1.660
1.900
2.063
2 -3/8
2-7/8
6.40 PPF to 11.50 PPF
3-1/2
7.70 PPF to 17.00 PPF
9.50 PPF to 22.20 PPF
4-1/2
12.60 PPF to 26.10 PPF
Well Completion Tubing Sizes

Grades: H40, J55, N80, N80Q, L80, C90, C95, T95, P110, 13CR
Connections:
NUE (non-upset tubing),
EUE (external upset tubing),
IJ (integral joint tubing),
In industry some manufacturers produce semi-premium and premium
connections. And a few others with Metal One Connections.
Lengths :
Range 1,
Range 2 &
Range 3
Well Completion Tubing Sizes & Technical

Specifications
Protection:
External Bare and Uncoated or
Externally Coated with Anti-Rust Mill Varnish Plastic or
Metal Pin and Box Protectors or
Internal Plastic Coating or
Sleeves.
Mill Test Certificates Issued in accordance with API

Specification 5CT Eighth Edition.
Third Party Inspection can be performed on request at buyers
care and expense.
Tubing sizes and Technical Specifications API

Physical Properties Specifications
API
Grade
Yield
Strength, psi
Yield
Strength, psi
Min Tensile
Strength,
Psi*
Min
elongation
in % in 2
Minimum
Maximum
H-40
40,000
80,000
60,000
29.5
J-55
55,000
80,000
75,000
24.0
L-80
80,000
95,000
95,000
19.5
N-80
80,000
110,000
100,000
18.5
C-90
90,000
105,000
100,000
18.5
C-95
95,000
110,000
105,000
18.0
T-95
95,000
110,000
105,000
18.0
P- 110
110,000
140,000
125,000
15.0
High strength tubing is usually considered to be grades with Yield strength > 55,000 psi
Note: * Based on
Where,
e = Minimum elongation in 2
inches, %
A= Cross sectional area square
Tubing String - Design

Tubing string design is essentially same as for Casing.
Tapered string design are becoming more common in deep and super
deep wells, although uniform design is desirable (but more expensive)
and sometimes technically not possible.
Tensile Setting Depths in air for Upset Tubing, in Feet:
Grade/ Safety
Factors
1.50
1.60
1.75
J-55
10,200
9,600
8,700
C-75
13,900
13,000
11,900
N-80 & L-80
14,800
13,900
12,700
C-90
16,700
15,700
14,200
C-95 & T- 95
17,800
16,500
15,000
P- 110
20,400
19,200
17,380
Note: Based on Minimum yield strength times area of section under root of last
perfect thread, or body of pipe whichever is smaller. Tension design factor of
1.60 is common for uniform tubing string

Numerical values of tensile strength must be used with care and in prudent
manner
Since it is determined under very restrictive conditions or uni-axial loading and
may not relate closely to the complex conditions or stress and environment
encountered in real life in fields.
All tubing string get subjected to :
Tension or elongation
Collapse pressure
Burst Pressure
Safety factors for Collapse should NOT be less than 1.00
Tubing should NOT be subjected to burst pressure higher than its rated
pressure divided by 1.3

Yield and Tensile Strengths
The tensile test provides basic design information on the strength of materials.
This test subjects a standard specimen of that Grade to a gradually increasing
load.
At relatively low loads (elastic range) elongation is directly proportional to the
load applied and permanent deformation does not occur.
As load increases, a point is reached where elongation occurs with no increase of
load called as Yield Point.
The load at this point divided by specimen cross sectional are is Yield Strength.
Further increase in load causes permanent deformation (plastic range) and finally
specimen breaks.
Load at the breaking point determines the tensile strength or ultimate
strength.
Tubing and Casing Identification

Colour Band
H-40
One Black ( or no marking)
J-55
One Green
K-55
Two green
C-75
One Blue
N-80
One Red
L-80 ( Type
1)
One Red, One Brown
C-90
One Purple
C-95
One Brown
T-95
One Silver
P-110 or P105
One White
Q -125
One Orange
Special clearance collars are usually marked with a black ring in the centre in the
band indicating steel grade
Tubing Connections
There are following two standard API Connections
1. API non-upset (NU) connections
2. API External Upset (EUE)
API non-upset (NU) connections: 10 round thread form cut on the
body, wherein the joint has less strength than the body.
API External Upset (EUE): 8 round thread form wherein the joint
has the same strength as the pipe body.
For high pressure service the API EUE connection is available in 23/8, 2-7/8 & 3-1/2 sizes having a long thread form (EUE
long T&C) wherein the effective thread is 50% longer than
standard.
Many operators prefer a teflon ring insert rather than the long thread
form.
Tubing Connections
Special clearance Couplings:
Where extra clearance is needed, API couplings can be turned
down somewhat without loss of joint tensile strength.
Special clearance collars are usually marked with a black ring
in the centre in the band indicating steel grade.
Special clearance coupling-type thread forms have been
developed for NUE tubing which (unlike the API NU)
connection) have 100% strength. Buttress connection is an
example.
Standard and turned down diameters of several API coupling
connections are given the Table given hereunder
Standard and Special Clearance Tubing

Coupling Sizes
Thread
Coupling OD ,
inches
Standard
Coupling OD, inches

Special Clearance
2-3/8
API NU 10
rounds
2.875
2.642
API EUE 8
rounds
3.083
2.910
2.875
2.700
API NU 10
rounds
3.500
3.167
API EUE 8
rounds
3.688
3.460
3.5
3.220
Buttress
2-7/8
Buttress
Standard and Special Clearance Tubing

Coupling Sizes
Integral Joint (IJ) Connections:
Several integral joint forms are manufactured by many
companies. These connections provide extra clearance.
Some can be turned down further to provide even greater
clearance.
These joints usually carry a premium price and must,
therefore be justified by special connections.
API has adopted special clearance diameter tubing even for
smaller diameter tubing like 1.315, 1.660, 1.900 &
2.061.
Well Completion - Tubing size

Maximum size of Tubing is determined from erosional velocity factor
given by following empirical relation ship
Where
Ve fluid erosional velocity, ft/sec.
c- empirical constant. Varies in between 80 to 300.
Usually c=125 for intermittent service, or 100 for
continuous service.
m gas liquid mixture density, lbs/ft3
API Working Pressure & Body Test

Pressure
Working
Pressure, Psi
Flanges
14 &
smaller
Flanges 163/4 &

more
Clamp
Line Pipe &
Type
Tubing
Connector Threads
s
1,000
2,000
1,500
2,000
2,000
4,000
3,000
4,000
4,000*
3,000
6,000
4,500
6,000
6,000*
5,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000*
10,000
15,000
15,000
15,000
15,000*
15,000
22,500
20,000
30,000
Note: * When threads are used as end or outlet connections of wellhead or

flowline components, the Maximum WP of the assembles joint is given in
next Table while test pressure is given above.
API Working Pressure & Testing Casing

Threads pressure
4 to 10
11 to 13
16 to 20
114.3mm
273.1 mm
298.5mm
-339.7mm
406.4 mm to
508.0mm
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,250
4,000
4,000
6,000
4,500
7,500
Note: * When threads are used as end or outlet connections of
wellhead or flowline components, the Maximum WP of the

assembles joint is given in next Table while test pressure is given
above.
Physical & Chemical Properties of

Casing /Tubing steel
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4
Tensile strength, psi
70,000
90,000
100,000
70,000
Yield Strength, psi
36,000
60,000
75,000
45,000
Elongation in 2, minimum , %
22
18
17
19
Reduction in area, Min, %
30
35
35
32
Carbon, Max. %
0.35
Manganese, Max, %
0.90
Sulfur, Maximum, %
0.05
Phosphorus, Maximum, %
0.05
Note:
1.Type 1, Type 2, Type 3 & Type 4 is as per nomenclature of API on standardization
of valves and W/H equipment t identify materials falling within the ranges of tensile
requirements mentioned above.
2.Chemical composition of Types 1, 2, 3 & 4 are omitted deliberately in order to give
freedom to manufacturers to develop their own steels for the multiplicity of
requirements encountered in the critical service.
Well Completion Tubing Response

Characteristics
Does the length of tubing lowered into a well remain constant?

No.
Changing the mode of a well (producer , injectors, shut-in or opening) causes

change in temperature and pressures inside and outside the tubing.
Depending upon a) how the tubing is suspended from X-mas tree i.e. open
ended or with packer, type of packer and how packer is set, temperature and
pressure changes will effect in following manner:
1. Length variation in the tubing string will result if the seals are permitted to
move inside a permanent polished bore packer (PBR).
2. Tensile or compressive forces would be induced in the tubing and packer system
if tubing motion is not permitted (latched connection).
3. A permanent packer might get unseated if motion is permitted ( tubing
contraction) and seal assembly is not long enough.
4. Unseating of a solidhead tension (or compression) packer will occur if it is not
set with sufficient strain (or weight) to compensate for tubing movement.
5. Equalizing valve will open prematurely on control head packers (tension or
compression)
Tubing Elongation/contraction due to

temperature
Thermal Expansion or contraction causes the major length change in tubing is
given by following relationship:
Lt = 8.28x10 -5x Lt x T
Where
Lt = change in tubing length , ft
Lt = tubing length, ft
T = change in average temperature, F
Length change are calculated readily if the average temperature of tubing can
be determined for the initial condition and then again for next operation and
next etc.
The average string temperature in any given operating mode is one-half the
sum of the temperatures at the top and at the bottom of the tubing string.
T is the difference between the average temperatures of any two subsequent
Well Completion,
Well Completion Open Hole

Completion
Well Completion,

Stimulation
Packers

Stimulation - Packers
What is packer?
The packers forms the basis of the cased-hole
completion design.
The packer: a sealing device that isolates and
contains produced fluids and pressures within the
wellbore to protect the casing and other formations
above or below the producing zone.

Uses of packers
In addition to providing a seal between the tubing and casing, other benefits
of a packer are as follows:
Prevent downhole movement of the tubing string,
Support some of the weight of the tubing,
Often improve well flow and production rate
Protect the annular section of casing from corrosion from produced
fluids and high pressures.
Provide a means of separation of multiple producing zones.
Limit well control to the tubing at the surface for safety purposes, and
Hold well-servicing fluid (kill fluids, packer fluids) in the casing annulus

Packer components
Packers have four key features:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Slip
Cone
Packing-element system
Body or mandrel.
Slip is a wedge-shaped device with wickers (or teeth) on its face, which
penetrate and grip the casing wall when the packer is set.
Cone is beveled to match the back of the slip and forms a ramp/slope that
drives the slip outward and into the casing wall when setting force is
applied to the packer.
Once the slips have anchored into the casing wall, additional applied setting
force energizes the packing-element system and creates a seal between the
packer body and the inside diameter of the casing.

Packer classification
Production packers can be classified into two groups:

Permanent.
Retrievable
Permanent packers
Permanent packers can be removed from the wellbore only by milling.
The retrievable packer may or may not be resettable, but removal from
the wellbore normally does not require milling.
Retrieval is usually accomplished by some form of tubing manipulation.
This may necessitate rotation or require pulling tension on the tubing
string.
The permanent packer - fairly simple and generally offers higher
performance in both temperature and pressure ratings than does the
retrievable packer.

Permanent packers
Generally, it has a smaller outside diameter (OD), offering greater

running clearance inside the casing string than do retrievable packers.
The smaller OD and the compact design of the permanent packer
enable us negotiate through tight spots and deviations in the wellbore.
The permanent packer also offers the largest inside diameter (ID) to
make it compatible with larger-diameter tubing strings.

Retrievable packers
The retrievable packer can be very basic for low pressure (LP)/low
temperature (LT) applications or very complex in high pressure/high
temperature (HP/HT) applications.
Because of this design complexity in high-end tools, a retrievable
packer offering performance levels similar to those of a permanent
packer will invariably cost more.
However, the ease of removing the packer from the wellbore as well as
features, such as re-settability and being able to reuse the packer
often, may outweigh the added cost.

Packer selection
Before selecting either of the two packers, it is important to
consider the performance and features of each design, as well as
the application in which it will be used.
In some cases, the permanent packer is the only option, as may be
the case in some HP/HT applications. However, in those instances
in which one would suffice, the operator must decide which
features offer the best return over the life of the well.
When selecting a packer for a cased-hole completion, the
differential pressure and temperature requirements of the
application must be considered.

Packer selection
Other factors to be kept into consideration are:
Well depth,
Casing ID, Casing drift diameter
Deployment and setting method desired, and
Tubing landing conditions
Various operational modes (flowing, shut-in, injection, and
stimulation) anticipated over the life of the well. These conditions
are critical and must be considered carefully for design and
operations.
The changes in the operational modes that influence changes in
temperature, differential pressure, and axial loads all have a direct impact
on the packer.
Understanding the uses and constraints of the different types of packers do
help clarify the factors to consider when making a selection.

Retrievable tension packer
The tension packer generally used in
medium- to shallow-depth (LP/LT)
production or injection applications.
The tension packer has a single set of
unidirectional slips that grip only the
casing when the tubing is pulled in
tension.
Constant tubing tension must be
maintained to keep the packer set and the
packing element energized.
Tension packers, typically, are set
mechanically and are released by means
of tubing rotation.
Most models also have an emergency
Well Completion, Workovers and Stimulation - Packers

Retrievable tension packer do not have an
equalizing (or bypass) valve to aid in
pressure equalization between the tubing
and annulus to facilitate the retrieval of the
packer.
Practically NO problems are associated with
tension packers, because the packer is run at
relatively shallow depths, and differential
pressures across the packer during retrieval
should be low.
In deep wells tension packers without bypass
valves should be avoided.

High differential pressures can make packers
difficult or impossible to release because of the
forces created by the pressure acting on the crosssectional area of the packer.
Pressure from below the tool boosts the packing
element into the slip assembly, which is designed to
hold in tension and capture this force.
On the other hand, when annular pressure is
higher than tubing pressure at the tool, the
element is boosted downward away from the slips,
and pack-off force is lost.
Therefore, it is prudent to ensure that sufficient
tension is applied to keep the element energized to
contain differentials in favor of the annulus.

Consideration should be given to the type of
wellhead and Christmas tree that will be employed
when using tension packers in extremely shallow
operations.
After the packer is set and tubing is pulled in
tension, it is difficult or impossible for the tubing
to stretch enough to facilitate installation of some
types of wellheads.
Retrievable Compression Packer with Fluid bypass

Retrievable compression packer with fluidbypass valve is recommended for low to
medium-pressure & medium-temperature oil-or
gas-production applications.
Retrievable compression packer is prevented
from setting by means of a mechanical interlock
while it is being run in the hole.
Once the packer has been run to the desired
depth, the tubing string is rotated to initiate the
setting sequence.
During rotation of string, the drag blocks on the
packer are used to hold the packer in place and
provide the resistance to set it.
Retrievable Compression Packer with bypass

Once the interlock system is released, the tubing
string is lowered to close the bypass seal and set
the slips.
The continued application of slack-off force
energizes the packing-element system and creates
a seal.
The packer is released by simply picking up on
the tubing stringa desirable feature.
In this type of packer, once the element is sealed
off and the pack-off force is mechanically locked
in place, the tubing string may be landed in
compression, tension, or neutral.

Slips located above and below the packing
element (or a single set of bidirectional slips)
are designed to hold axial tubing loads from
either direction to keep the packer anchored in
place.
An internal lock system mechanically traps the
pack-off force and keeps the elements energized
until the packer is released.
A bypass valve is present to aid in equalization
and the release of the packer. It is locked from
accidentally opening until the packer-releasing
sequence has been initiated.
This type of packer does not rely on constant
tubing forces to maintain its packoff, so it is
much more versatile in use.

It is used in production or injection
applications, as well as in completions for which
well stimulation is planned, and it is almost
universal in application.
The only constraint is in deep deviated wells,
where tubing manipulation or getting packoff
force to the tool may present a problem.
Extreme shallow depth setting is achievable in
models that allow the elements to be energized
with tension.
Care must be taken to ensure that tubing
movement during production or injection
operations does not exceed the tensile or
compression limitations of either the packer or
the tubing string.
Compression Packer with Fluid

Bypass
Retrievable Compression Packer with bypass & Hold

Down buttons/slip
More versatile
models of the
compression
packer with bypass
have an additional
set of hold-down
slips, or an anchor
system above the
packing-element
system
Setting and
releasing procedure
same.
However, the
addition of the holddown slip helps to
keep the packoff
force and bypass
valve locked in
Compression Packer
place when
with Fluid Bypass
pressure below the

Bypass & Hold Down Buttons
Retrievable Compression Packer with bypass & Hold

Down buttons/slip
However, the hold-down slip helps to keep
the packoff force and bypass valve locked
in place when pressure below the tool is
greater than the pressure in the annulus.
This variation is used for treating
operations, in gas lift applications, or in
production where FTWHP > CWHP.
However, there are limitations to the ability
of the anchor to keep the bypass closed,
and any operational modes that will result
in loss of set-down weight must be
planned carefully.

Bypass & Hold Down Buttons
Wireline Set Tubing retrieval

Packers
Several retrievable packers are designed to
be installed in the wellbore on electric
wireline and retrieved on the tubing
string.
On the top of the packer is located a special
nipple.
The nipple has a polished seal surface on
its OD and has j-lugs that are used to
anchor a seal housing or washover shoe
in place.
The polished nipple also has a landing
nipple profile in its ID. This allows the
installation of a slickline retrievable
blanking plug if desired.
Set with plug in place (LHS)

With tubing connected & plug
retrieved (RHS)

Packers
The packer is first run and set on
electric wireline.
The electric wireline setting tool
provides the force necessary to
anchor the slips in the casing wall
and energize the packing element.
Once the packer set & installed and
the wireline is retrieved.
A seal housing (similar to an
overshot) is run in the hole on the
bottom of the production tubing.
With tubing connected &
plug retrieved (RHS)

Packers
The housing has internal seals that,
when landed on the polished nipple,
create a seal between the tubing and
the annulus.
The housing also has an internal j-profile
that engages the lugs of the nipple
and anchors the tubing string to the
packer.
Tubing can be retrieved from the
wellbore at any time without
disturbing the packer by unjaying the
seal housing from the polished nipple,
or (if desired) the packer can be
released and retrieved mechanically
with the tubing.
retrieved (RHS)

Packers
Advantages and application
May be run and set under pressure on

electric wireline (with a blanking plug
preinstalled in the nipple profile) in a
live oil or gas well.
Once packer is set, the electric line is

Pulled out & pressure above the
packer can be bled off.
With the plug in place, the packer will

act as a temporary bridge plug for
well control while the tubing string
and seal housing are run and landed.
retrieved (RHS)

Packers
Advantages and application
Because the plug is located near the top
of the packer assembly, it can be
circulated free of any debris before
landing the tubing.
Once the tree has been installed, the
plug is removed with slickline, and the
well is placed on production.
Application
Completion of the well after a high-rate
fracture is performed down the casing or
after underbalanced perforating with a
casing gun.
This underbalanced completion method
is especially useful in applications in
which formation damage may occur if
kill-weight fluid is introduced into the
wellbore.
retrieved (RHS)
Retrievable tension/compression setversatile

landing
Tension or compression set

packers allows the tubing to be
landed in tension, compression,
or neutral.
Most common types of
mechanical-set retrievable
packers available in industry.
They vary greatly in design and
performance and may require
tension, compression, or a
combination of both to set and
pack off the element.
Exact setting method depends
on the design of the tool.
Available in various packing-
Retrievable Tension
Compression set packer

landing
Extensively used for large

number of applications including
some HP/HT completions.
In this type of packers, once the
element is sealed off and the
packoff force is mechanically
locked in place - tubing string may
be landed in compression, tension,
or neutral.
Slips located above & below the
packing element (or a single set of
bidirectional slips) are meant to
hold axial tubing loads from either
direction to keep the packer
anchored in place.
Internal lock system mechanically
traps the packoff force and keeps
the elements energized until the
packer is released.
Retrievable Tension

landing
Bypass valve is to aid in

equalization and the release of the
packer.
It is locked from accidentally

opening until the packer-releasing
sequence has been initiated.
Packer does not rely on constant
tubing forces to maintain its
packoff, this tool is more versatile
in application.
It is used in production or injection
applications & in completions for
which well stimulation is planned.
Almost universal in application.
Constraint - in deep deviated
wells, where tubing manipulation
or getting packoff force on packer
may present a problem.
Retrievable Tension

landing
Extreme shallow depth setting is
achievable in models that allow the
elements to be energized with
tension.
Care must be taken to ensure that
tubing movement during
production or injection operations
does not exceed the tensile or
compression limitations of either
the packer or the tubing string.
Retrievable Tension
Retrievable Hydraulic set single string Packer

Retrievable hydraulic-set single-string
packer
The hydraulic-set packer has a bidirectional
slip system, which is actuated by a
predetermined hydraulic pressure applied to
the tubing string.
To achieve a pressure differential at the
packer and set it, a temporary plugging device
must be run in the tailpipe below the packer.
The applied hydraulic pressure acts against a
piston chamber in the packer. The force
created by this action sets the slips and packs
the element off.
Some models have an atmospheric setting
chamber and use the hydrostatic pressure of
the well to boost the packoff force.

Retrievable hydraulic-set single-string packer
Regardless of design, all of the force generated
during the setting process is mechanically
locked in place until the packer is later
released.
Once the packer is set, the tubing may be
landed in tension (limited by the shear-release
value of the packer), compression, or neutral.
As NO tubing manipulation is needed to set
a hydraulic packer, it is normally set easily
after the wellhead has been flanged up and
the tubing has been displaced.
This ensures safety and allows better control
of the well while displacing tubing and
annulus fluids.

The hydraulic-set packer can be run in
a single-packer installation, and
because no packer body movement
occurs during the setting process, it
can be run in tandem as an isolation
packer in single-string multiple-zone
production wells.
Hydraulic-set single-string packer is
ideal for highly deviated wells in which
conditions are not suitable for
mechanical-set packers.

Special considerations for Hydraulic set
packers are:
Well stimulation planning to be done
carefully to avoid premature shear
release of the packer.
Maximum tensile capabilities of the
tubing string when selecting the
shear-release value of the packer
needed.
A temporary plugging device must
always be incorporated below the
lowermost hydraulic-set packer to
facilitate hydraulic setting of the
packer.

Retrieval of hydraulic packer
Retrieval of the hydraulic-set single-string
packer is done simply by pull up tension
with the tubing string to shear a shear ring,
or shear pins, located within the packer.
Most models also have a built-in bypass
system that allows the pressures in the
tubing and annulus to equalize, or balance,
as the packer is released.
The tension load required to release the
packer must be considered carefully at the
time of initial completion design and in the
selection of the shear-ring value.

The shear-release value must not be set too
high so that it will not be beyond the tensile
capabilities of the tubing string, yet it must
be high enough so that the packer will not
release prematurely during any of the
planned operational modes over the life of
the completion.
A variation of the hydraulic-set singlestring retrievable packer is without the
shear-release feature, is available for the
larger-size casing and tubing combinations.

This type of Hydraulic packers are called
as removable packer because it is not
retrieved by conventional means.
The running-in & hydraulic setting
procedure remain the same, but to remove
the packer from the wellbore, the inner
mandrel of the packer must be cut.
This is done either with a chemical cutter
on electric wireline or by a mechanical
cutter on drillpipe or coiled tubing.
Once the mandrel is cut, retrieval is
accomplished by picking up on the tubing
string or the top of the packer.

The packer is also designed to be millable
should the cut-to-release feature fail.
The elimination of the shear ring enables
the packer to achieve higher tensile and
differential-pressure ratings.
This permits well-treating jobs (hydraulic
fracturing etc.) and well-injection
operations especially hydraulic fracturing
etc. that were not possible with the
conventional shear-release hydraulic-set
packer.
Dual String Packers

Dual-string packers
A mid-string isolation packer that is designed to
seal off approximately two strings of tubing.
The dual packer allows the simultaneous
production of two zones while keeping them
isolated.
Most multiple-string packers are retrievable;
however, some permanent models exist for use in
HP/HT applications.
Generally these packer have bidirectional slips to
prevent movement and maintain packoff with the
tubing landed in the neutral condition.
Generally multiple-string retrievable packers are
set hydraulically because the tubing manipulation
required to set a mechanical packer is not
desirable or (often) not feasible in a dual-string
application.
Dual String Packers

Dual-string packers
Identical to hydraulic-set single-string packer.
Setting pressure is applied to the upper tubing
(short string), but some models are designed to
be set with pressure applied to the lower
tubing (long string).
A temporary plugging device is required to be
run below the dual packer on the appropriate
string to allow the actuating pressure to be
applied.
Released by applying tubing tension to shear
an internal shear ring same way as in shearvalue selection that apply to the single-string
hydraulic-set packer (as in single string
hydraulic packers).
Too high value of shear value can overstress
the tubing during retrieval, and too low a value
can lead to a premature packer release during
Dual String Packers

Dual-string packers
Identical to hydraulic-set single-string packer.
Setting pressure is applied to the upper tubing
(short string), but some models are designed to
be set with pressure applied to the lower
tubing (long string).
A temporary plugging device is required to be
run below the dual packer on the appropriate
string to allow the actuating pressure to be
applied.
Released by applying tubing tension to shear
an internal shear ring same way as in shearvalue selection that apply to the single-string
hydraulic-set packer (as in single string
hydraulic packers).
Too high value of shear value can overstress
the tubing during retrieval, and too low a value
can lead to a premature packer release during
Dual String Packers

Dual-string packers
Over and above well completions of wells with
multiple producing horizons these packers
include ESP applications in which both the
electrical cable and the production tubing must
pass through the packer.
Multiple-string packers are also used in tandem
to isolate damaged casing. .
Seal-bore Packers
Seal bore packers are of two types: 1) Permanent and 2) Retrievable
Permanent (LHS) & retrievable
(RHS) sealbore packers are
designed to be set on electric
W/L or hydraulically on the tubing
string.
W/L setting affords speed and
accuracy.
However the one-trip hydraulicset versions offer the advantage
of single-trip installations and
allow the packer to be set with
the wellhead flanged up.
Permanent Seal Bore packers
Seal-bore Packers
Seal bore packers are of two types: 1) Permanent and 2)
Retrievable
Sealbore packers
have a honed and
polished internal
sealbore.
A tubing seal
assembly with
elastomeric packing
forms the seal
between the
production tubing and
the packer bore.
Well isolation is
accomplished by the
fit of the elastomeric
seals in the polished
packer bore.
Seal-bore Packers
Retrievable
To accommodate longer
seal lengths, a sealbore
extension may be
added to the packer.
If one-trip hydraulic-set
sealbore packer is
being used, then
production tubing,
tubing seal assembly,
and packer are made
up together and run as
a unit.
Seal-bore Packers
Retrievable
If the packer is RIH on
electric wireline or set
on a work string, the
seal assembly is run on
the production tubing
after the packer is
installed and stabbed
into the packer bore
downhole.
Seal-bore Packers Seal Assembly

Locator Type
Anchor Type
Locator type Seal
Anchor Type Seal Assembly

Locator Type
Locator type seal assembly shown in this
figure.
It allows seal movement during
production and treating operations like
stimulation, Fracking etc.
Locator type Seal Assembly

Anchor Type
Anchor type seal assembly shown in this

figure.
It also allows movement of seal during
production and treating operations like
stimulation, Fracking etc.
Both these types of seal assemblies
allows the seals in the packer bore and
restricts tubing movement.
Decision about the best seal assembly to
run depends on tubing movement and
hydraulic calculations based on:
Initial landing condition of tubing
string
Flowing and shut in pressures
Any stimulation job envisaged during
the production life span.
All types of stimulation treatments can be
Anchor type Seal Assembly

Locator Type and Anchor Type
Anchor type seal assembly shown in this
figure.
Both these types of seal assemblies
allows the seals in the packer bore and
restricts tubing movement.
Decision about the best seal assembly to
run depends on tubing movement and
hydraulic calculations based on:
Initial landing condition of tubing
string
Flowing and shut in pressures
Any stimulation job envisaged during
the production life span.
All types of stimulation treatments can be
carried out on the well.
The removable seal assembly allows
tubing to be retrieved for workover
Anchor type Seal Assembly
Well Completion,
Well Completion,
Well Completion,
Well Completion,
Packer Rating Envelope
Well Completion,
Well Completion Skin effect

The flow of oil and gas into well bore is
considered to be of radial cylindrical steadystate type and that fluid velocity is not too
great in the vicinity of the wellbore, the flow
equation can be simplified to:
Where
PI Productivity Index, mainly depends on viscosity of the fluid, permeability of the
formation itself, the disturbances in the vicinity of the wellbore and the thickness of
the reservoir
The Actual Productivity Index (PI) is normally compared with the theoretical
Productivity Index (PIth) of a vertical well at the level of producing formation that
would have been drilled under ideal condition.

It is implied that having (mostly adversely) interfered with the reservoir
characteristics in the near vicinity of wellbore (permeability especially) and
with no restrictions on the connection between the reservoir and the wellbore.
The theoretical PIth is as follows:
Where
numerical coefficient depending upon, among other parameters on the
units that are used.
h reservoir thickness
k reservoir permeability
- viscosity of the fluid in the reservoir,
R - Well drainage radius
rw - wellbore radius

As far as real well is concerned, all the disturbances in the
vicinity of well bore (skin effect) are lumped together under the
term S (skin factor) in the following way.
Furthermore, Flow Efficiency (FE) is defined as the ratio

between the actual flow rate and the theoretical flow that the
ideal well would have produced under the same bottom hole
pressure conditions.

In practice ln (R/rw)ranges between 7 to 8, hence the simplified form
under the prevailing assumptions FE varies as under:
Thus a skin factor of 7 to 8 correspond to a flow capacity that has

been divided by two.
A skin factor of 14 to 16 means it has been reduced by two third.
On the other hand a skin factor of -3.5 to -4 (due to stimulation etc) it
has been doubled.
The skin factor S, is often considered as the effect of plugging in the
vicinity of the wellbore are as a result of numerous reasons.

The skin factor S, is often considered as the effect
of plugging in the vicinity of the wellbore are as a
result of numerous reasons.
A few of them are enumerated hereunder:
Sfp due to formation plugging
Sp due to perforations themselves (considering only the
linear law of curve of as the function of Q i.e. production
rate.
St due to the effect of turbulence in the perforations or
in the immediate vicinity of the wellbore (deviation with
respect to the linear law. It is worth mentioning that
contrary to other terms which are independent of the flow
rate, St varies with it.
Spp due to the partial penetration effect when the
formation has not been fully or completely perforated
throughout its pay zone.
Sd due to the deviation effect, which is generally
negligible unless the well is considerably deviated or
horizontal. It is worth mentioning that Sd is (zero or) -ve
and therefore enhances production rate.

The skin factor S, is often considered as the effect of
plugging in the vicinity of the wellbore are as a result
of numerous reasons.
A few of them are enumerated hereunder:
Sfp due to formation plugging
Sp due to perforations themselves (considering only the
linear law of curve of as the function of Q i.e. production
rate.
St due to the effect of turbulence in the perforations or in
the immediate vicinity of the wellbore (deviation with respect
to the linear law. It is worth mentioning that contrary to
other terms which are independent of the flow rate, St varies
with it.
Spp due to the partial penetration effect when the formation
has not been fully or completely perforated throughout its
pay zone.
Sd due to the deviation effect, which is generally negligible
unless the well is considerably deviated or horizontal. It is
worth mentioning that Sd is (zero or) -ve and therefore
enhances production rate.

Wellbore Damage or Stimulation From the standpoint of the Well
Completion wellbore damage or stimulation indicators are of practical
importance.
These are several ways to quantify damage or improvement. One method
uses the idea of skin effect.
Pressure drop across the infinitesimally thin skin Ps, is added to the
transient pressure drop in the reservoir to represent the wellbore pressure.
The pressure drop across the skin can be calculated as follows:
p s
141.2qB
s
kh
Where,
ps= pressure drop across skin, psi
B = formation volume factor, reservoir bbl/stb
= viscosity, cp
s = skin factor, dimensionless
k = permeability, md
h = height, ft
The value of the skin factors can vary from about 5 for a
hydraulically fractured well to for a completely plugged well.
However it is prudent to understand that the concept of skin effect is
that the numerical value of the skin s does not directly show the
degree of damage.
Flow Efficiency (or Condition Ratio) describes the wells actual flow
p p with
p
capacity as a fraction of its
capacity
no damage.
J
FE
actual
J ideal
wf
p p wf
Skin factor, flow efficiency, or damage ratio can be determined from

most of transient pressure techniques.
Wells completed with only a part of the producing zone open

through ineffective perforating or the fact that the well was not
drilled completely through the zone will appear to be damaged even
if there is no physical flow restriction.
Deviated holes penetrating the reservoir at an angle with no other

problems will appear stimulated.
Role of Fines and solids in bridging and Formation

Damage
Particles < 7 o
throats, will pass
the formation & a
easily back produ
Particles >
of pore
throats, form
external filter
cake & are
easily back
produced.
Particles between < & 7

of pore throats, tend to plug
( internal filter cake ) are
difficult to flow back and
remove.
Casing and Tubing

1.
American Petroleum Institute (API) and International Organization for

Standardization (ISO) have established standards for oil and gas tubing and
casing.
Tubing is defined as pipe with nominal diameters from 1.050 to 7 ( ISO 11
960). While casing sizes range from 4.5 to 20 and even more.
Casing and tubing are classified according to following five properties:
Steel Grade
Type of joints
Length range
Wall thickness (unit weight)
Manner of manufacture
Tubing String
Proper selection, design, and installation of the tubing string is a critical
part of completions program & Wokover.
The tubing must be sized so that production is carried out efficiently.
It has to be designed against failure from tensile forces, internal and
external pressures. and corrosive actions of the fluids.
It need to be installed in pressure tight and undamaged condition.
A number of grades of steel and types are tubing connections have been
developed to meet demands dictated of greater depth, pressure and
pressure and medium.
API has developed specifications that met the major needs of the oil and
gas industry. These API specifications and bulletins provide standard
dimensions, strength an performance properties and required gauging
practice to ensure complete interchangeability
Tubing String API Specifications

API has developed specifications that met the major needs of the oil and
gas industry. These API specifications and bulletins provide standard
dimensions, strength an performance properties and required gauging
practice to ensure complete interchangeability.
A few of Standards & recommended practices are enumerated as under:
1. API Standard 5CT - Specifications for Casing, Tubing and
drill pipes.
2. API 5B: Specification for Threading, Gauging , and Thread
Inspection of Casing, Tubing, and Linepipe Threads
3. API Bulletin 5C2- Bulletin on Performance Properties of
Casing and Tubing
4. API Bulletin 5C1- Care and Use of Casing and Tubing. It
contains recommended make up torque for API connections.
5. RP 5C1 : Recommended Practice for Care and Use of Casing
and Tubing.
Tubing String API Specifications

Fluid velocities in the tubing string should be less than fluid erosional velocities.
API RP 14E provides guidelines for sizing lines transporting gas and liquid in two phase
flow.
The velocity above which erosion may occur is determined by following empirical equation:
Mixture of Pipe dope and solid drilled particles
Note: Each section is . Source: Completion
Mixture of Pipe dope and solid drilled particles
Source: Well Completion String . Page 597
Maximum Brine Density for W/O

Operations
OperatimnsOperationsCOILED TUBING

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Well Completion,

Workovers and Stimulation

Well Completion Design

Well Completion Design

Well Completion Design

Well Completion Design

Recompletion could not be expected to reduce GOR

Dissolved Gas Drive Mechanism

Well Completion Design

In dissolved-gas-drive it is prudent to avoid drilling in structurally high

A Dissolved Gas Drivelow angle of dip

B-Dissolved Gas Drive High Angle of Dip

Dissolved Gas Drive Mechanism

Well Completion Design

Water Drive Mechanism

Gas Cap Drive

Well Completion Design

Water Drive Mechanism

Gas Cap Drive

Wellheads & Christmas

Wellheads & Christmas

Wellhead and X-mas Tree

Wellhead and Christmas Tree -Typical

Wellhead and Christmas Tree Typical Components

Well Completion, Workovers and

Wellheads & Christmas Trees - Components

Wellhead & Christmas Tree

Wellhead & Christmas Tree - Components

Well Completion, Workovers and

Wellhead Cut out

Christmas Tree - Components

Wellhead Integral Type

Wellheads & Christmas Tree Cross

Wellheads and Christmas Tree Clamp Type

Wellheads & Christmas Tree

Wellhead & Christmas Tree Clamps

Wellhead & Christmas

Wellhead Equipment: General term used to describe

Well Heads & X-mass Trees

Wellhead & Christmas

Wellheads and Christmas Trees

Wellhead & Christmas Tree

The starting casing head (see

Wellheads and Christmas Trees

Wellheads and Christmas Trees

Wellhead & Christmas Tree

A mandrel-style casing hanger.

Photo of a typical weight-set slipand-seal assembly with casing-head

Wellhead & Christmas Tree

Wellhead & Christmas Tree

Wellheads & Christmas Tree

Wellheads & Christmas Tree

Well Completion, Workovers and

Types of wellhead systems

Wellhead systems differ by well location:

American Petroleum Institute (API)

Wellheads and Christmas Trees

Types of wellhead systems (Continued)

In certain applications such as deepwater platforms, spars, and

Wellheads & Christmas Trees

API Pressure Rating

De-rated Pressure Ratings of Wellheads and Christmas Trees

Wellheads & Christmas Trees