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PETROCHEMICALS

PETROCHEMICA
Chemicals made from petroleum
(crude oil) and natural gas.
LS

The prefix "petro-" is an arbitrary


abbreviation of the word "petroleum";
since "petro-" is Ancient Greek for
"rock" and "oleum" means "oil".
Therefore, the etymologically correct
term
would
be
"oleochemicals".
However, the term oleochemicals is
used to describe chemicals derived from
plant and animal fats.

CLASSIFICATION OF
PETROCHEMICALS
Chemically, petrochemical products fall into
three distinct groups namely:
1. olefins
2. aromatics
3. synthesis gas
The major components of olefins are ethylene
and propylene and form the basis of several
industrial chemicals and plastic products.
Butadiene, another component of petrochemicals,
is used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber.

Benzene, toluene and xylene are


the principle components in aromatic
petrochemical products such as
synthetic
detergents,
plastic,
synthetic fibres and polyurethanes.

Synthesis gas is made up of carbon


monoxide and hydrogen, which
produces ammonia and methanol.
These are refined further to produce
other
synthetic
products
and
chemicals.

MOST POPULAR AND


FREQUENTLY USED
PRODUCTS OF

RAW MATERIALS OR
FEEDSTOCKS
The basic raw materials supplied by the
petroleum refineries or
natural gas
companies are LPG or liquid petroleum
gases, natural gas, gas from cracking
processes, liquid distillate C4-C9, and
distillates
from
special
cracking
processes, as well as cyclic fractions for
aromatics.

SIGNIFICANT
PETROCHEMICALS AND
DERIVATIVES
1.METHANE

USES OF PRODUCTS OF
METHANE:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Acetylene is used for making :


Vinyl chloride : which is used as monomer for
PVC(flooring ,pipes,wire insulators).
Vinyl acetate : which is used as a monomer for
Poly Vinyl Acetate(adhesives , paint emulsions).
Acrylonitrile: which is used in preparation of
synthetic fibres.
Acetylene as such is used for welding
purpose(metal welding).

Methanol : Methanol is used as solvent.


Formaldehyde: Formaldehyde is used for making
1. Urea Resin (Molding, textiles, adhesive)
2. Melamine Resin (molding, laminates)
3. Phenolic Resin
Methyl Chloride is used for making silicones.
Chloroform is used for making freons and
anaesthetics.
Carbon tetra chloride is used for making freons
and in dry cleaning.

2. ETHYLENE

USES OF PRODUCTS OF ETHYLENE:


Ethanol is used in manufacture of Acetaldehyde
,Alcohols , Esters.
Ethyl
Chloride is
used for manufacture of
TEL(Tetraethyllead) and is useful in pharmaceutical
industry.
Ethylene Oxide is used for making
1. Glycol is used as an antifreezing agent and for
manufacture of polyesters.
2. Ethanol amine is used as an emulsifier.
3. Detergents

Ethyl Benzene is used as a source of Styrene.


Rubber is used to make tyres , shoe soles and
luggage.
Polythenes are used for making packaging films,
moldings and paper coatings.
Ethylene dichloride is used for making vinyl
chloride and PVC(film sheets, coated fabrics ,
floorings and pipes)

3. PROPYLENE

USES OF PRODUCTS OF PROPYLENE:

Isopropanol is used as a solvent. It is also used in


toiletries and for coatings.
Cumene was first used for engine fuels(high octane).
This use has been overshadowed by phenol process
which uses cumene as the starting material to produce
acetone.
Polypropylene is a rapidly growing product and plays
a important role in the plastic industry.
Acrolein is mainly used as a contact herbicide to
control submersed and floating weeds, as well as algae,
in irrigation canals. It is used at a level of 10 ppm in
irrigation and recirculating waters. In the oil and gas
industry, it is used as a biocide in drilling waters, as
well as a scavenger for hydrogen sulfide and
mercaptans.

Epichlorohydrin is used for manufacturing


epoxy resin .Also used in production of
elastomers
,polyamines,
water
treatment
chemicals, flame retardants, synthetic glycerol
and a variety of glycidyl derivatives.
Propylene glycol is used for making Polysters
resins.
Dodecyl Benzene is used as a lubricant oil.

4.BUTADIENE
Products of Butadiene :
1. Adipic acid
2. Sulpholane
3.Chloroprene

USES OF PRODUCTS OF BUTADIENE

Adipic acid is used as a monomer for production


of
Nylon6,6,.Adipic acid is produced by
carbonylation reaction of Butadiene.
Sulpholane is widely used as an industrial
solvent, especially in the extraction of aromatic
hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon mixtures and to
purify natural gas.
Chloroprene is used extensively for rubber
making.

5. BENZENE

USES OF PRODUCTS OF BENZENE

Ethylbenzene has been used as a solvent for


aluminium
bromide
in
the
anhydrous
electrodeposition of aluminium. Ethylbenzene is also
an ingredient in some paints, and solvent grade xylene
(xylol) is nearly always contaminated with a few
percent of ethylbenzene.
Cumene is a important constituent of petroleum
products.
Cyclohexane Cyclohexane is also used for calibration
of
differential
scanning
calorimetry
(DSC)
instruments, because of a convenient crystal-crystal
transition at 87.1 C.
Heat treating equipment manufacturer Surface
Combustion uses cyclohexane as a carbon carrying gas
in their high purity vacuum carburizing furnaces.

Nitrobenzene:
Approximately
95%
of
nitrobenzene is consumed in the production of
aniline which is a precursor to rubber chemicals,
pesticides, dyes, explosives, and pharmaceuticals.
Chlorobenzene is used as an intermediate in
the production of commodities such as herbicides,
dyestuffs, and rubber. Chlorobenzene is also used
as a high-boiling solvent in many industrial
applications as well as in the laboratory.

6. TOLUENE

USES OF PRODUCTS OF TOLUENE


Nylon is a high strength fibre. It is used for
making fishing nets, ropes, parachutes , textile
fibre and type cords.
Flexible and semi-flexible Polyurethane foams
are used extensively for interior components of
automobiles, in seats, headrests, armrests, roof
liners, dashboards and instrument panels.
Caprolactum is used in the production of
Nylon,6.

7. XYLENES

USES OF PRODUCTS OF XYLENES


Terephthalic acid is used the production of
polybutylene terephthalate and several other
engineering polymers.
Mixed with terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid
is used in the production of resins for drink
bottles.
Polyamide resin is used with epoxy for adhesive
, marine finishes, floorings and maintenance
coatings.It is tough, flexible, has excellent water
resistant , very good chemical resistance,
superior adhesion, good mechanical and electrical
properties.

PETROCHEMICAL PRODUCT TREE

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