REDD+ as a tool to enhance

Resilience to Climate Change+

Combating Climate Change within the framework of Sustainable
Development
By: Johan Kieft, Head of the Green Economy Unit UNORCID

Presentation structure
1. Climate change: a global perspective with relevance for
Indonesia
2. The International Response
3. The relevance of climate change to Indonesia
4. CC Mitigatiion and REDD+ in Indonesia: Beyond Carbon
5. Towards a Green Economy

Climate change
Climate change = a long-term shift in climate conditions resulting in changing weather
patterns
Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC released in March 2014.
Key points:
1. Irreversible damage to the environment will occur, should the global average temperature
rise to above 2C in relation to pre-industrial levels by the end of the century.
2. Human activity is extremely likely (95 to 100 percent probability) to be the cause of the
global average temperature rise.
3. At present the world is largely ill-prepared for climate-related risks.

Climate change vulnerability

Climate Change will have adverse consequences for billions of
people across the globe
Increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events leading
to food insecurity
Rising sea levels and increasing salinity of oceans
Water scarcity
Public health threats
Ecosystem degradation

Anticipated CC Impacts in Indonesia

Responses to climate change at the

international level
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Kyoto Protocol and its hopeful successor to be agreed upon at
UNFCCC COP 21 in Paris in 2015
1992 and 2012 Rio Summits on sustainable development
Millennium Development Goals will be replaced by Sustainable
Development Goals
Moving towards a Green Economy as a answer towards addressing
Climate Change

The Indonesian Context

Largest economy in South-East Asia and its only G-20 Economy; but
growth rates are under threat
Growing socio-economic divergence between Eastern islands and Java
Fourth most populous country in the world and rapidly urbanizing
In 2010, 13% of the population lived below the poverty line
The Indonesian economy is heavily reliant upon sectors that are
sensitive to climate and environmental change, such as mining. Energy
intensive industries agriculture, fisheries and forestry
Indonesian is the one of the largest emitters of GHG emissions globally

Indonesian Commitment to Climate Change

Mitigation
Pittsburgh Comittments by President SBY, based on a baseline of 7% GDP growth,
Indonesia will reduce GHG emissions by 2020 with 26% domestically supported
and 41% with International Support.
Resulted in the National Action Plan for GHG emission reduction, of which over 80% of these
GHG reductions are from forestry and peat lands.
LOI between Norway and Indonesia, Norway provides 1 billion USD for Indonesia to reduce
forest and peatland GHG emissions

REDD is critical to meet Indonesian commitment but as well to address:

Loss of natural capital due to uncontrolled resource extraction
Enhance resilience to combat climate change impacts through peat land and mangrove
rehabilitation

Deforestation in Indonesia
60 million Indonesians depend upon forests and peat lands for basic needs,
livelihoods and cultural support
The dominant approach to forest management in the history of independent Indonesia
has been:
1. Highly centralised
2. Highly sectoral
3. Pro-conversion of peat and forest lands
In the past, development has been literally-even visually- associated with forest
clearing
Forest and peat lands provide critical ecosystem services

Deforestation in Indonesia
....Today, Indonesia has among the worlds highest deforestation rates.
Indonesia is one of the top 5 emitters of greenhouse gases in the world, and
85% of Indonesias GHG emissions stem from land use activities

Deforestation is driven predominantly by agricultural expansion,

especially of oil palm plantation monocultures

The concept of REDD+

Deforestation contributes 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions
Reducing deforestation has been identified as one of the most costefficient and rapid methods of reducing global emissions

REDD = Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

REDD evolved to REDD+, where the + refers to conservation and
enhancement of forest carbon stocks, and sustainable management of
forests

The concept of REDD+

A market based carbon credit mechanism offering financial
incentives in exchange for improved management of forest
resources leading to reduced emissions from deforestation and
forest degradation in a measurable and verifiable way
REDD+ differs from previous attempts to halt deforestation in the following ways:
1. Instead of project-based approaches, national governments are expected to take the
lead
2. The conditionality of the payment
3. Substantial anticipated funding

REDD+ in Indonesia: concept and objective

Flagship programme of national effort to meet national emissions
reduction targets: 26/7 or 41/7
Through REDD+, the intention is to reverse a history of centralised
resource exploitation and transition instead towards a low-carbon,
green economy
Beyond Carbon: anticipated impacts include poverty reduction,
more transparent and accountable governance, more resilient
ecosystems, reduced land-related conflicts, sustainable livelihoods,
more secure access and rights to resources for communities

REDD+ in Indonesia: progress so far

National
REDD+
Strategy

Forest
Moratorium

PRISAI

Pilot
Province:
Kalteng

One Map
Initiative

Land
gazettement

MK Ruling
No.35/2012

BP REDD+

Indonesia 11

Current priorities for REDD+

MK 35/2012 implementation roadmap
National forest fire prevention system
Gender mainstreaming
Outreach to parliamentarians
Strengthening local governance capacities and improving integrity

Commitments to gender equity in REDD+

Stranas specifies equality as one of its five principles for REDD+,

including women and communities vulnerable to socio-economic and
environmental change

PRISAI 6th Principle is full, effective and gender-equal participation of all

stakeholders

Development trade-offs: the case of palm oil

Indonesia produces 2/3 of the worlds palm oil
Palm oil production accounts for 25% of forest loss
Key role in economic growth: plans to double current production of crude palm oil by
2020
Palm oil provides a living for 3.5 million households (about 14 million people)
Smallholders account for 38% of total cultivation area and 35% of production output

The Indonesian Government in collaboration with the private sector is working towards
zero deforestation palm oil through ISPO.

In Indonesia, REDD+ is also about Health

Sustainable Growth with Equity

President Yudhoyono gave a speech at CIFOR in June 2012:

Our present course leads us to a world where we obsessively chase

after economic growth without regard for ethics or the
environment
We need a new way of looking at the world that recognises that
economic growth and justice are mutually reinforcing and respects
Indonesias rich biodiversity as enormous national treasures

Green Economy as a new Pathway

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Example: Mama Aleta Baun

We dont know what marble is for, but it brings no benefit for the people here.
We can only sell what we can make, and we must not sell what we cannot
create. We cannot sell you the mountains, the rivers, the trees, because we
cannot make them. But we can sell you clothes, corns, milk. Those we can
produce.