Boilers 1

Boilers can be classified functionally as below.

a) As Steam Generator for Power Generation.
b) Steam Generator for a drive
mechanism like Marine Boiler, Locomotive Boiler etc.
c) Steam Generator for Industrial
requirement like Textile,Sugar Factory etc.
d)Hot water Boiler for
Industrial/Building heating purpose.

Boilers 2

Boilers can also be classified as per firing

method as below.
a) Pulverised Fuel Fired Boiler.
b) Stoker Fired Boilers.
c) Fluidised Bed Combustion Boilers.

Fluidised Bed Combustion Boilers

F.B.C. boilers are of two types viz. a)

Atmospheric F.B.C. and b) Pressurised F.B.C.
Major advantages of F.B.C. system are,
a)Coals with high ash content can be used.
b)Low cost.
c)Furnace temps are comparatively low i.e. in
the range of 800 deg. To1000 deg. C. Hence
ash is soft and also NOx emissions are low.

Characteristics of a Good Boiler

A Good Boiler should cater to followings,

a)
Optimum fuel consumption.
b)
Overall size should be as small as possible.
c)
The initial cost, operating and maint. Cost should be
minimum.
d)
Boiler parts should be easily approachable
for
maint.
e)
Boiler should conorm to I.B.R. safety regulations.
f) Should be capable to
meet steam demand in fluctuating load.
g) The velocity of water and flue
gas should be minimum.

Factors for Boiler Selection

a) Power required to be generated.

b) Operating pressure.
c) Fuel quality and type.
d) Water availability and its quality.
e) Probable load factor
f) Cost

Boilers 3

Major components of the Boiler in general are

a) Pressure Parts
b) Rotary Parts
c) Ducting, Pipes, Valves, Dampers etc.
d) Coal Burners, Oil Burners etc.
e) Emission control system.

Boiler Pressure Parts

Major pressure parts include a) Boiler Drum b) Water wall
Tubes c) Super heaters
d)Economiser e) High Pressure
Piping and valves.
Water wall- Conversion of feed water into wet steam takes place
in water wall tubes. This wet steam (mixture of water and
steam) then passes to Drum for separation of water/steam
mixture.
Super heaters Dry steam from Drum, is sent to superheaters for
superheating as required by the Turbine.
Economizers Feed water, before going to waterwall is passing
through Economizer to partially recover heat from flue gases
and in turn raising its (Feed water) temp.

Boiler Water Circulation.

The feed water flow in the boiler is as below.

Economiser----- Drum------Downcomers------Bottom
Headers------Water Tubes ( Water Wall)------- Top Headers--Drum.
The above flow from Drum onwards is known as Circulation
and is of Three Types viz.
a) Natural Circulation
Due to diff. of density of water in Downcomers and that of
water-steam mixture in waterwall tubes.
b) Assisted/Controlled Circulation.---By
providing pump in downcomers to boostup the pressure of
density difference.
c)
Forced Circulation--- By external pump.

Advantages of Assisted/Forced
Circulation.

a) Better steam generation rate.

b) Quick startup facility
c) Feasibility of uniform flow in water tubes.
d) Smaller tube dia. And hence smaller size of
the boiler.

Rotary Parts 1

Main rotary parts are Fans,Pulverisers,Coal

Feeders,Pumps,Compressors,Air Pre Heaters, Soot
Blowers etc.
The major fans are,
a) Induced Draft Fans- For drawing flue gases from
boiler and sending them to Chimney. These fans are
operated to maintain balanced draft in furnace
b) Forced Draft Fans- For supplying air for
combustion.
c) Primary Air Fans-Air for carrying pulverised coal
from pulverisers to furnace and also for combustion.

Rotary Parts 2

Pulverisers- For pulverising the raw coal to the required size

i.e. 70% passing through 200 mesh sieve.
Types of Pulverisers- a) Raymond Bowl Mill. b) B&W, E
Type Mill c) Drum Type Mill.
Coal Feeders- For regulating coal flow to boiler through
pulveriser.
Types of Coal Feeders- Rotary,Drag Chain Type. Coal feeders
are also classified as Gravimetric and Volumetric.
Air Pre heaters- The air for combustion is heated in Air pre
heater (prior to going to furnace) by using heat of fluegases
which otherwise would have lost to atmosphere. The air
heaters are also of static type i.e. Tubular.

Burners

Function of burners is to inject fuel and air into the furnace

and ensure thourogh mixing of the two by creating turbulence.
In tangentially fired boiler, turbulence is created by admitting
fuel and air in particular direction i.e. Tangential to an
imaginary circle in furnace centre. Hence no specific burner
construction is required.
In front fired boiler, circular air damper is provided around
burner pipe to create turbulence. The burner assembly is
known as Turbulent burner.
In case of oil firing, arrangement is made in the burner for
atomising the oil by steam or compressed air.

Emission Control Systems

These are mainly E.S.P.s, Desulphunisation

plant, Low Nox Burners etc.
E.S.P.s are provided to control S.P.M. level.
Other methods of S.P.M. control are Ammonia
injection, Bag filters etc.