Metabolisme Lemak

Susila Sastri

Fatty acids classification

Metabolisme Lemak

Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids

Oxidation of Fatty Acids
Lipolisis
Lipogenesis

The Differences

Between fatty acid biosynthesis and

breakdown
Intermediates in synthesis are linked to
-SH groups of acyl carrier proteins (as
compared to -SH groups of CoA
Synthesis in cytosol; breakdown in
mitochondria
Enzymes of synthesis are one
polypeptide
Biosynthesis uses NADPH/NADP+;
+

Transportation of Digested
Fat
Re-formed into triglycerides
Packaged into chylomicrons
Lipoprotein lipase breaks down
triglycerides in the chylomicrons
Fatty acids are absorbed by cells
Takes 2-10 hours to clear
chylomicron

Lipoproteins

Transport of Synthesized
Fats
Liver produces some fat and cholesterol from
carbohydrate, protein, and free fatty acids taken
up from the blood
Liver packages cholesterol and triglycerides for
transport as Very Low Density Lipoprotein
(VLDL)
Remnants of chylomicrons, small and medium FA,
and cholesterol get put together to form a VLDL
(very low density lipoprotein)

Lipoprotein lipase breaks down some

triglycerides in VLDL, leaving a Low Density
Lipoprotein (LDL)
The primary component in an LDL is Cholesterol

Receptor pathway for cholesterol uptake

Scavenger pathway for cholesterol uptake

Lipoprotein
class

Density
(g/mL)

Diameter
(nm)

Protein % Phosphol
of dry wt ipid %

Triacylglycerol
% of dry wt

HDL

1.063-1.21

5 15

33

29

LDL

1.019
1.063

18 28

25

21

IDL

1.006-1.019

25 - 50

18

22

31

VLDL

0.95 1.006

30 - 80

10

18

50

chylomicrons

< 0.95

100 - 500

1-2

84

Composition and properties of human

lipoproteins

most proteins have densities of about 1.3 1.4 g/mL and lipid aggregates usu
have densities of about 0.8 g/mL

Apoproteins of human
lipoproteins
A-1 (28,300)- principal protein in HDL
90 120 mg% in plasma

A-2 (8,700) occurs as dimer mainly in

HDL
30 50 mg %

B-48 (240,000) found only in

chylomicron <5 mg %
B-100 (500,000) principal protein in
LDL
80 100 mg %

Apoproteins of human
lipoproteins
C-1 (7,000) found in chylomicron, VLDL, HDL
4 7 mg %

C-2 (8,800) - found in chylomicron, VLDL, HDL

3 8 mg %

C-3 (8,800) - found in chylomicron, VLDL, IDL,

HDL
8 15 mg %

D (32,500) - found in HDL

8 10 mg %

E (34,100) - found in chylomicron, VLDL, IDL

HDL
3 6 mg %

Metabolic fate of chylomicrons

Metabolic fate of very low density lipoproteins

Lipoprotein Interactions

15

Transport of fatty acids from the

cytoplasm to the inner mitochondrial
space for oxidation.

Pathway of -Oxidation

FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS

The synthesis of fatty acids in mammalian
systems can be considered as a two-stage
process, both stages requiring acetyl-Coenzyme
A (acetyl CoA) and both employing
multifunctional proteins (multienzyme
complexes):
stage 1: involves preparation of the key precursor
malonyl-CoA by the acetyl CoA carboxylase,
stage 2: involves elongation of the fatty acid
chain (in 2-carbon increments) by fatty acid
synthase.

FATTY ACID
SYNTHESIS

The synthesis of one

molecule of palmitate
requires eight molecules of
AcCoA, 7 ATP, and 14
NADH according to the
formula:

Regulation oflong-chain fatty acid oxidation

in the
liver.

Metabolism of adipose
tissue

Metabolic ischemia. Glycolysis is the main catabolic pathway during ischemia, whereas fatty acid
oxidation is enhanced in this period. As consequence less ATP is generated at the expenses of more
protons production, which are ultimately responsible for myocardial acidosis and ions (mainly Calcium)
accumulation (see text for more details).
Redarrows : enhanced pathway; white arrows : almost abolished pathways

Control of adipose tissue lipo

mechanisms in the regulation of

cholesterol synthesis