Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Link Budgets
for Cellular Networks
Presented by
Eric Johnson
08/16/01
Introduction
Overview
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Downlink
Uplink
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Solution
Setting the base station power to
match the mobile power allows for
optimum performance
Path balance
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Path Balance
Balanced Path
Max.
Mobile
Pwr
ERP
Power
Same
Path Loss
Min.
Receive
Pwr
Min.
Receive
Pwr
from
tower
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Distance
from
mobile
Path Balance
Not path balanced
Max.
Mobile
Pwr
Current
Power
Previous
Power
Cannot Receive
Min.
Receive
Pwr
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Previous Distance
Min.
Receive
Pwr
Path Balance
Path balance limited by mobile power
IS-136
Older phones max. power: 3 W (35 dBm)
Current phones max. power: 0.6 W (28 dBm)
GSM
Mobile power max.: 1.0 W (30 dBm)
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Finding ERP
Link budget determines
transmit ERP
Network is limited by mobile power
Typical transmit is 100 W ERP
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Finding ERP
Mobile to Tower
Path Loss
ERP?
Power
Mobile to Tower
Path Loss
Min.
Receive
Pwr
Min.
Receive
Pwr
from
tower
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Path
Loss
Distance
from
mobile
Max.
Mobile
Pwr
Parameters
Summary of Parameters
Simplified Example
IS-136
Thermal Noise
Antenna Gain
Cable Loss
S/N
Minimum Input Power
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-129.0 dBm
12.0 dBi
1.2 dB
15.0 dB
-124.8 dBm
A
B
C
D
E=A-B+C+D
Parameters
Noise-Limited System
Ambient temperature creates noise floor
Interference from high frequency re-use
may cause system to be interference
limited
Site measurements determine if noise or
interference limited
The following analysis assumes a noise
limited system
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Parameters
Thermal Noise Power
PN = kTB
k = boltzmans constant
T = ambient temperature in Kelvin
B = signal bandwidth
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Parameters
Thermal Noise Power (cont.)
The noise floor for GSM is 8 dB
higher than IS-136 because it uses a
wider bandwidth signal
Result: IS-136 is 8 dB more
sensitive to lower power signals
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Parameters
Antenna Gain
Tower gain ranges from 6 dBd to 16 dBd
Isotropic
Gain
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More Gain
Narrower
Beam
Less Gain
Broader
Beam
Parameters
Cable Loss
1-5/8 diameter
0.8 dB/100-ft
7/8 diameter
1.2 dB/100-ft
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Parameters
Signal to Noise (S/N)
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Scenario 1: Baseline
Site Configuration
Height: 200 ft
Antenna Gain: 12 dBd
Cable: 1-5/8 0.8 dB/100-ft
Determine ERP
Path balance to find ERP
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Scenario 1: Baseline
Min. input power
Base
Uplink
Channel BW (kHz)
Ambient Temperature (deg F)
Thermal Noise (Kelvin)
Noise Floor (dBm)
RBS Noise Figure (dB)
Noise Floor (dBm)
Cable Length (ft)
Cable Loss per 100 ft (dB/100-ft)
Receiver Cable Loss (dB)
Effective Noise Floor (dBm)
C/N (3% BER) (dB)
Min. Radio Input (dBm)
Body Loss (dB)
Vehicle Loss (dB)
Other: in building coverage (dB)
Receiver Antenna Gain (dBd)
Receiver Diversity Gain (dB)
Effective Min. Input (dBm)
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30.0 kHz
70 deg F
294.1 K
-129.1 dBm
4.0 dB
-125.1 dBm
220.0 ft
0.8 dB
1.7 dB
-123.5 dBm
15.0 dB
-108.5 dBm
12.0 dBd
5.0 dB
-125.5 dBm
Mobile
Downlink
30.0 kHz
70 deg F
294.1 K
-129.1 dBm A
9.0 dB
B
-120.1 dBm C = A + B
D
-120.1 dBm E = C + D
15.0 dB
F
-105.1 dBm G = E + F
3.0 dB
H
5.0 dB
I
0.0 dB
J
0.0 dBd
K
L
-97.1 dBm M = G + H + I + J - K - L
Scenario 1: Baseline
Max. path loss and max. transmit power
Transmit PA (W)
Transmit PA (dBm)
Transmit Cable Loss Total (dB)
Transmit Combiner Loss (dB)
Transmit Antenna Gain (dBd)
Transmit ERP (dBm)
Transmit ERP (W)
Body Loss (dB)
Vehicle Loss (dB)
Other: in building coverage (dB)
Slow fade margin (dB)
Effective Transmit Power (dBm)
Effective Min. Input (dBm)
Max. Path Loss (dB)
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Mobile
Uplink
Base
Downlink
0.6 W
27.8 dBm
16.9 W
42.3 dBm
1.7 dB
4.5 dB
12.0 dBd
48.1 dBm
64.4 W
0.0 dBd
27.8 dBm
0.6 W
3.0 dB
5.0 dB
0.0 dB
5.4 dB
14.4 dBm
5.4 dB
42.7 dBm
-125.5 dBm
-97.1 dBm
139.8 dB
139.8 dB
A
B
C
D
E=A-B-C+D
F
G
H
I
J=E-F-G-H-I
Site Configuration
Height: 200 ft
Antenna Gain: 8 dBd
Cable: 1-5/8 0.8 dB/100-ft
Results
ERP: 25.7 W
Radius: 76% than with 12 dBd
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Scenario 3: TMAs
Tower-Mounted Amplifiers (TMAs)
Also called Tower-Top Amplifiers (TTAs) or
Mast Head Amplifiers (MHAs)
Essentially a Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA) mounted
most often at the top of the tower
Use TMA if high cable loss
Fcable 1 FRBS 1
Ft FTMA
GTMA
GTMAGcable
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Scenario 3: TMAs
Disadvantages
Intermodulation products may be amplified
causing more interference
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Scenario 3: TMAs
Min. input power
Channel BW (kHz)
Ambient Temperature (deg F)
Thermal Noise (Kelvin)
Noise Floor (dBm)
RBS Noise Figure (dB)
Noise Floor (dBm)
Cable Length (ft)
Cable Loss per 100 ft (dB/100-ft)
Receiver Cable Loss (dB)
Effective Noise Floor no TMA
TMA Gain
TMA Noise Figure
System Noise Figure with TMA
Effective Gain of using TMA
Effective Noise Floor (dBm)
C/N (3% BER) (dB)
Min. Radio Input (dBm)
Body Loss (dB)
Vehicle Loss (dB)
Other: in building coverage (dB)
Receiver Antenna Gain (dBd)
Receiver Diversity Gain (dB)
Effective Min. Input (dBm)
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Base
Uplink
30.0 kHz
70 deg F
294.1 K
-129.1 dBm
4.0 dB
-125.1 dBm
220.0 ft
0.8 dB
1.7 dB
-123.5 dBm
12.0 dB
1.2 dB
5.1 dB
0.6 dB
-124.0 dBm
15.0 dB
-109.0 dBm
12.0 dBd
5.0 dB
-126.0 dBm
Mobile
Downlink
30.0 kHz
70 deg F
294.1 K
-129.1 dBm A
9.0 dB
B
-120.1 dBm C = A + B
D
AA = C + D
BB
CC
DD = C + D - BB
-120.1 dBm E = C + CC (mobile = C)
15.0 dB
F
-105.1 dBm G = E + F
3.0 dB
H
5.0 dB
I
0.0 dB
J
0.0 dBd
K
L
-97.1 dBm M = G + H + I + J - K - L
Scenario 3: TMAs
Max. path loss and max. transmit power
Transmit PA (W)
Transmit PA (dBm)
Transmit Cable Loss Total (dB)
Transmit Combiner Loss (dB)
Transmit Antenna Gain (dBd)
Transmit ERP (dBm)
Transmit ERP (W)
Body Loss (dB)
Vehicle Loss (dB)
Other: in building coverage (dB)
Slow fade margin (dB)
Effective Transmit Power (dBm)
Effective Min. Input (dBm)
Max. Path Loss (dB)
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Mobile
Uplink
Base
Downlink
0.6 W
27.8 dBm
19.3 W
42.9 dBm
1.7 dB
4.5 dB
12.0 dBd
48.7 dBm
73.6 W
0.0 dBd
27.8 dBm
0.6 W
3.0 dB
5.0 dB
0.0 dB
5.4 dB
14.4 dBm
5.4 dB
43.3 dBm
-126.0 dBm
-97.1 dBm
140.4 dB
140.4 dB
A
B
C
D
E=A-B-C+D
F
G
H
I
J=E-F-G-H-I
Summary
Scenario 1
200 ft tower, 12 dBd
No TMA
1-5/8 cable
1.7 dB cable loss
ERP: 65 W
Scenario 3
200 ft tower, 12 dBd
1-5/8 cable
Scenario 2
200 ft tower, 8 dBd
No TMA
1-5/8 cable
1.7 dB cable loss
ERP: 26 W
Radius: 76% the radius
as had with 12 dBd gain
08/16/01
TMA
7/8 cable
Summary
Challenges in a Link
Budget
Parameters vary by user
experience
Verify interference is lower
than noise floor
Choosing antenna with as
much gain as possible that will
still adequately cover area
08/16/01
Questions?
08/16/01