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08/16/01

Link Budgets
for Cellular Networks
Presented by
Eric Johnson

08/16/01

Introduction
Overview

Link Budget Importance


Path Balance
Finding ERP
Parameters
Scenarios

08/16/01

Importance of a Link Budget


What is a Link Budget?
Determines tower transmit ERP for
sufficient signal strength at the cell
boundary for a quality mobile call
Defines the cell coverage radius when used
with a path loss model

Why need a Link Budget?


Determine transmit ERP and cell radius
Ensure path balance

Balance the uplink and downlink power


Dont transmit more base station power than the
maximum cell phone power capability

08/16/01

Importance of a Link Budget


Path Balance Issue
Mobile is power limited
Stronger base station power will
deceive mobile into thinking there is
sufficient signal strength
Mobile can receive info but cannot send

Downlink
Uplink

08/16/01

Importance of a Link Budget


Consequences
Mobile call initiations will fail and
poor handoff decisions will be made

At the cell boundary

Solution
Setting the base station power to
match the mobile power allows for
optimum performance
Path balance

08/16/01

Path Balance
Balanced Path
Max.
Mobile
Pwr

ERP

Power

Same
Path Loss

Min.
Receive
Pwr

Min.
Receive
Pwr
from
tower

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Distance

from
mobile

Path Balance
Not path balanced
Max.
Mobile
Pwr

Current
Power
Previous
Power

Cannot Receive

Min.
Receive
Pwr

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Previous Distance

Min.
Receive
Pwr

Path Balance
Path balance limited by mobile power
IS-136
Older phones max. power: 3 W (35 dBm)
Current phones max. power: 0.6 W (28 dBm)

Ranges from 26 to 28 dBm

Benefit: less power consumption less recharging


Drawback: smaller cell coverage more cells

GSM
Mobile power max.: 1.0 W (30 dBm)

08/16/01

Finding ERP
Link budget determines
transmit ERP
Network is limited by mobile power
Typical transmit is 100 W ERP

Transmit ERP determines cell


radius
Radius also depends on tower
height and path loss environment
Small improvement (1 dB) in link
budget can provide large coverage
gains

08/16/01

Finding ERP
Mobile to Tower
Path Loss

ERP?

Power

Mobile to Tower
Path Loss

Min.
Receive
Pwr

Min.
Receive
Pwr
from
tower

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Path
Loss

Distance

from
mobile

Max.
Mobile
Pwr

Parameters
Summary of Parameters

Thermal Noise Power


Antenna Gain
Signal to Noise (S/N)
Minimum Input Power

Simplified Example
IS-136
Thermal Noise
Antenna Gain
Cable Loss
S/N
Minimum Input Power

08/16/01

-129.0 dBm
12.0 dBi
1.2 dB
15.0 dB
-124.8 dBm

A
B
C
D
E=A-B+C+D

Parameters
Noise-Limited System
Ambient temperature creates noise floor
Interference from high frequency re-use
may cause system to be interference
limited
Site measurements determine if noise or
interference limited
The following analysis assumes a noise
limited system

08/16/01

Parameters
Thermal Noise Power
PN = kTB

k = boltzmans constant
T = ambient temperature in Kelvin
B = signal bandwidth

IS-136 PN = -129 dBm

PN (1.38 *10 23 )(294)(30 *103 ) 129 dBm

GSM PN = -121 dBm


23

PN (1.38 *10 )(294)(200 *103 ) 121 dBm

08/16/01

Parameters
Thermal Noise Power (cont.)
The noise floor for GSM is 8 dB
higher than IS-136 because it uses a
wider bandwidth signal
Result: IS-136 is 8 dB more
sensitive to lower power signals

08/16/01

Parameters
Antenna Gain
Tower gain ranges from 6 dBd to 16 dBd

Mobile gain typically 0 dBd (-2 dBd to 0 dBd)

gain more uplink larger coverage area


gain narrower beamwidth
Gain choice depends on desired coverage area

Isotropic
Gain

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More Gain
Narrower
Beam

Less Gain
Broader
Beam

Parameters
Cable Loss
1-5/8 diameter

0.8 dB/100-ft

7/8 diameter

1.2 dB/100-ft

Tower heights range from 30


ft to 600 ft

08/16/01

Parameters
Signal to Noise (S/N)

IS-136 15 dB (15 - 17 dB)


GSM 11 dB (7 - 12 dB)
GSM has a S/N advantage over IS-136
GSM has more tolerance for errors than IS-136

Wider bandwidth and different modulation scheme

Difference between GSM and IS-136

GSM noise floor is worse (higher) than IS-136


GSM S/N is better (lower) than IS-136
GSM has more uplink power available
Result: GSM and IS-136 have comparable link
budgets, so only analyze IS-136 link budget

08/16/01

Scenario 1: Baseline
Site Configuration
Height: 200 ft
Antenna Gain: 12 dBd
Cable: 1-5/8 0.8 dB/100-ft

Determine ERP
Path balance to find ERP

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Scenario 1: Baseline
Min. input power
Base
Uplink
Channel BW (kHz)
Ambient Temperature (deg F)
Thermal Noise (Kelvin)
Noise Floor (dBm)
RBS Noise Figure (dB)
Noise Floor (dBm)
Cable Length (ft)
Cable Loss per 100 ft (dB/100-ft)
Receiver Cable Loss (dB)
Effective Noise Floor (dBm)
C/N (3% BER) (dB)
Min. Radio Input (dBm)
Body Loss (dB)
Vehicle Loss (dB)
Other: in building coverage (dB)
Receiver Antenna Gain (dBd)
Receiver Diversity Gain (dB)
Effective Min. Input (dBm)

08/16/01

30.0 kHz
70 deg F
294.1 K
-129.1 dBm
4.0 dB
-125.1 dBm
220.0 ft
0.8 dB
1.7 dB
-123.5 dBm
15.0 dB
-108.5 dBm

12.0 dBd
5.0 dB
-125.5 dBm

Mobile
Downlink
30.0 kHz
70 deg F
294.1 K
-129.1 dBm A
9.0 dB
B
-120.1 dBm C = A + B

D
-120.1 dBm E = C + D
15.0 dB
F
-105.1 dBm G = E + F
3.0 dB
H
5.0 dB
I
0.0 dB
J
0.0 dBd
K
L
-97.1 dBm M = G + H + I + J - K - L

Scenario 1: Baseline
Max. path loss and max. transmit power
Transmit PA (W)
Transmit PA (dBm)
Transmit Cable Loss Total (dB)
Transmit Combiner Loss (dB)
Transmit Antenna Gain (dBd)
Transmit ERP (dBm)
Transmit ERP (W)
Body Loss (dB)
Vehicle Loss (dB)
Other: in building coverage (dB)
Slow fade margin (dB)
Effective Transmit Power (dBm)
Effective Min. Input (dBm)
Max. Path Loss (dB)

08/16/01

Mobile
Uplink

Base
Downlink

0.6 W
27.8 dBm

16.9 W
42.3 dBm
1.7 dB
4.5 dB
12.0 dBd
48.1 dBm
64.4 W

0.0 dBd
27.8 dBm
0.6 W
3.0 dB
5.0 dB
0.0 dB
5.4 dB
14.4 dBm

5.4 dB
42.7 dBm

-125.5 dBm

-97.1 dBm

139.8 dB

139.8 dB

A
B
C
D
E=A-B-C+D
F
G
H
I
J=E-F-G-H-I

Scenario 2: Less Antenna Gain


Less antenna gain
Wider beamwidth for broader coverage
Reduces uplink
Reduces cell radius

Site Configuration
Height: 200 ft
Antenna Gain: 8 dBd
Cable: 1-5/8 0.8 dB/100-ft

Results
ERP: 25.7 W
Radius: 76% than with 12 dBd

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Scenario 3: TMAs
Tower-Mounted Amplifiers (TMAs)
Also called Tower-Top Amplifiers (TTAs) or
Mast Head Amplifiers (MHAs)
Essentially a Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA) mounted
most often at the top of the tower
Use TMA if high cable loss

TMA gain eliminates the losses due to the cable


Total system gain reduced through equation below
TMA noise figure must be lower than the cable loss
About 200 ft or taller implies 1.5 dB, so TMA useful

Fcable 1 FRBS 1
Ft FTMA

GTMA
GTMAGcable
08/16/01

Scenario 3: TMAs
Disadvantages
Intermodulation products may be amplified
causing more interference

Excessive gain amplifies intermodulation effects more


than it amplifies the desired signal
Want gain = losses, so include attenuators if necessary

Band filters typical

Advantage: helps reduce intermodulation interference


Disadvantage: slightly different frequency bands
replace TMA

More logistics to replace or troubleshoot


Moderately high cost

08/16/01

Scenario 3: TMAs
Min. input power
Channel BW (kHz)
Ambient Temperature (deg F)
Thermal Noise (Kelvin)
Noise Floor (dBm)
RBS Noise Figure (dB)
Noise Floor (dBm)
Cable Length (ft)
Cable Loss per 100 ft (dB/100-ft)
Receiver Cable Loss (dB)
Effective Noise Floor no TMA
TMA Gain
TMA Noise Figure
System Noise Figure with TMA
Effective Gain of using TMA
Effective Noise Floor (dBm)
C/N (3% BER) (dB)
Min. Radio Input (dBm)
Body Loss (dB)
Vehicle Loss (dB)
Other: in building coverage (dB)
Receiver Antenna Gain (dBd)
Receiver Diversity Gain (dB)
Effective Min. Input (dBm)

08/16/01

Base
Uplink

30.0 kHz
70 deg F
294.1 K
-129.1 dBm
4.0 dB
-125.1 dBm
220.0 ft
0.8 dB
1.7 dB
-123.5 dBm
12.0 dB
1.2 dB
5.1 dB
0.6 dB
-124.0 dBm
15.0 dB
-109.0 dBm

12.0 dBd
5.0 dB
-126.0 dBm

Mobile
Downlink
30.0 kHz
70 deg F
294.1 K
-129.1 dBm A
9.0 dB
B
-120.1 dBm C = A + B

D
AA = C + D
BB
CC
DD = C + D - BB
-120.1 dBm E = C + CC (mobile = C)
15.0 dB
F
-105.1 dBm G = E + F
3.0 dB
H
5.0 dB
I
0.0 dB
J
0.0 dBd
K
L
-97.1 dBm M = G + H + I + J - K - L

Scenario 3: TMAs
Max. path loss and max. transmit power
Transmit PA (W)
Transmit PA (dBm)
Transmit Cable Loss Total (dB)
Transmit Combiner Loss (dB)
Transmit Antenna Gain (dBd)
Transmit ERP (dBm)
Transmit ERP (W)
Body Loss (dB)
Vehicle Loss (dB)
Other: in building coverage (dB)
Slow fade margin (dB)
Effective Transmit Power (dBm)
Effective Min. Input (dBm)
Max. Path Loss (dB)

08/16/01

Mobile
Uplink

Base
Downlink

0.6 W
27.8 dBm

19.3 W
42.9 dBm
1.7 dB
4.5 dB
12.0 dBd
48.7 dBm
73.6 W

0.0 dBd
27.8 dBm
0.6 W
3.0 dB
5.0 dB
0.0 dB
5.4 dB
14.4 dBm

5.4 dB
43.3 dBm

-126.0 dBm

-97.1 dBm

140.4 dB

140.4 dB

A
B
C
D
E=A-B-C+D
F
G
H
I
J=E-F-G-H-I

Summary
Scenario 1
200 ft tower, 12 dBd

No TMA
1-5/8 cable
1.7 dB cable loss
ERP: 65 W

Scenario 3
200 ft tower, 12 dBd

1-5/8 cable

Scenario 2
200 ft tower, 8 dBd

No TMA
1-5/8 cable
1.7 dB cable loss
ERP: 26 W
Radius: 76% the radius
as had with 12 dBd gain

08/16/01

TMA

1.7 dB cable loss


ERP: 74 W
Uplink improved 0.6 dB
Radius 5% larger

7/8 cable

2.7 dB cable loss


ERP: 74 W
Uplink improved 1.6 dB
Radius 12% larger

Summary
Challenges in a Link
Budget
Parameters vary by user
experience
Verify interference is lower
than noise floor
Choosing antenna with as
much gain as possible that will
still adequately cover area

08/16/01

Questions?

08/16/01

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