Jar A

What variation do you observe from the jar?

Jar A
What variation do you observe from the jar?

What variations can you observe from

the students in class?
How would you relate these variations
to statistics?

Overview of Statistics

Statistics
not Stat-is-eeks!

is a branch of science that deals with the

collection, organization, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of data

Statistics
Involves data collection and presentation,
and data analysis
Data collection

Involves the means of gathering the data

Data

analysis

Involves the comparison of characteristics

Why do I need statistics in my

degree / life?
Statistics has many practical applications in
real life.
Business: Statistics is used to test
consumer preferences. It can also
determine the appeal of a certain product
and, thus, its profitability.

Why do I need statistics in my

course / life?

Market Research: Statistics is the main

tool for Market Research

Medicine: Statistics is used in medical

research in order to find out which
treatment/medicine is more effective for a
certain disease

Applications or Uses of Statistics

To provide information

Applications or Uses of Statistics

Box & Whisker Plot: INCOME: Average taxable income (in 10,000$)
5.5

4.5

INCOME

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

ROGERS

HIGHLAND
COUNTY

Min-Max
25%-75%
Median value

To provide
comparison

Applications or Uses of Statistics

To help discern
relationships

Applications or Uses of Statistics

To aid in decisionmaking / to justify a

claim or assertion

Come on! It cant go

wrong every time...

Applications or Uses of Statistics

To estimate unknown quantities

Applications or Uses of Statistics

To predict future outcomes

Specifically, for businesses

Accounting: Statistical methods are

applied when conducting audits

Finance: Statistics are used to guide their

investment recommendations. Statistics
can also be used to determine the pattern
of stocks.

Specifically, for businesses

Economics: Statistical methods are used

to provide forecasts for the future
economic state. For instance, it can
forecast for inflation rates, unemployment
rates, etc.

Areas of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
methods concerned with describing and
summarizing sets of data
Inferential Statistics
methods that make possible the estimation of a
characteristic of a population or the making of a
decision concerning a population based on
information provided by the sample

Exercise. Determine the area of statistics (descriptive

or inferential) illustrated by the following:
On a particular weekday, males own 30 of the 40
cars in the parking lot. Twenty of the parked cars are
colored red, and 25 were Japanese-made.
1.Majority

of the cars on the road are Japanese-

made.
2.Males own 75% of cars in the parking lot on this
particular weekday.
3.Red is the most preferred color of cars in the
21st century.

One can not go about without

statistics.

Basic Statistical Concepts

Population
the totality of all individuals or entities from
which information is desired
Sample
the subset of the population. Statistics use
samples in order to estimate / describe
the population

Basic Statistical Concepts

Population
Sample

Basic Statistical Concepts

Population
the totality of all individuals or entities from
which information is desired
Sample
the subset of the population. Statistics use
samples in order to estimate / describe
the population

Basic Statistical Concepts

Parameter
Numerical value that describes a
characteristic of the entire population
Statistic
Numerical values that describes a
characteristic of a sample

Basic Statistical Concepts

Census
Process of collecting information from the
entire population
Survey
Process of collecting information from a
sample

Usual uses of a census

To determine the size of a countrys

population
Identify the characteristics of the people
(i.e. age, gender, income level, etc.)
Used to identify the current state of the
economy (i.e. is it growing, stable, or
declining)

Why not do a census all of the

time?

Most of the time, the population of interest

is too large.
Getting a census from a large population
tends to be very expensive and very time
consuming.
In addition, results from a census can be
out-of-date

Basic Statistical Concepts

Primary data

Type of data that is taken directly from the

source

Could be obtained by experimentation, observations,

and surveys

Secondary data

Type of data that is taken from existing records

such as those coming from external sources

Basic Statistical Concepts

Examples of secondary data:
Data coming from:

TVs, radio, Internet

Magazines, newspaper
Reviews of studies about other topics
Articles done in the past
Storied told by reliable sources

What kind of data is

accepted/used in statistics?

Usually, primary data are the ones that are

used in statistics since researchers are
confident about the accuracy, reliability
and integrity of the data
Secondary data can still be used.
However, the procedure of the study
should be checked.

Basic Statistical Concepts

Variable

a characteristic or information of interest

that is observable or measurable from
every individual or object under
consideration

Types of Variables

Qualitative /
Categorical
indicates a
quality about
the unit under
study

Quantitative /
Numerical
indicates a
quantity about
the unit under
study

Types of Quantitative Variables

Discrete variable

Can only assume countable numbers of

distinct values (i.e. 0,1,2,)

Continuous variables

Can assume infinitely many values

corresponding to points on a line interval (i.e.
height, weight)

Some Examples
Qualitative Variables

Name/label
Color
Rating (Good, Bad)
Course Code
Age Group (young, old)
Faculty Rank

Quantitative Variables

Weight of a newborn
Number of residents in a
housing unit
Weekly water consumption
Temperature

ILLUSTRATION:
Social Weather Station (SWS) Surveys
Background:
A total of 1200 adult Filipinos were interviewed.
They were randomly selected from Luzon,
Visayas and Mindanao.

13 February 2012
Fourth Quarter 2011 Social Weather Survey
FINDINGS:
Sixty-eight percent of adult Filipinos would not change
their religion in the name of love, while 31% would.
When it comes to love, 54% of Filipinos would follow their
heart while 45% would follow their mind.
Unwillingness to change their religion in the name of love
is strongest among Muslims, with 56% who would
definitely not change.
Following one's heart rather than mind over matters of love
is more prevalent among Filipinos in a relationship than
those who are single.
However, there are slightly more of the older 55 years old
and above Filipinos who would follow their mind than
heart.

Levels or Scales of Measurement

Nominal

qualitative variable whose values are

simply labels or names or categories
without any implicit or explicit ordering of
the labels

Ordinal

qualitative variable whose values are

labels or classes with an implied ordering
in these labels

Levels or Scales of Measurement

Interval

quantitative variable with an arbitrary

zero point

Ratio

quantitative variable with a fixed zero

point

Some Examples
Nominal Variables

Name/label
Color
Course Code

Ordinal Variables

Rating (Good, Bad)

Age Group (young, old)
Faculty Rank

Interval Variables

Temperature

Ratio Variables

Weight of a newborn
Number of residents in a
housing unit
Weekly water
consumption

Exercise. Identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal,

interval, ratio) of the following variables.
Education level (none, primary, intermediate, , university)
2. Weight (g)
3. Height (cm)
4. Age (yrs)
5. Smoking status (smoker, non-smoker)
6. Physical activity at home (mostly sitting, moderate, heavy)
7. Number of units enrolled this term
8. Weekly allowance
9. Deans lister (yes,no)
10. CGPA
1.