Kelompok 6

Awalia Rizka Maftuha (3415131002)

Ranny Apriani Hapsari
(3415130996)
Halimatus Sadiyah
(3415136411)

The Digestive System

ENTODERM
(ARKENTERON METENTERON)
a. FOREGUT : USUS DEPAN
b. MIDGUT : USUS TENGAH
c. HINDGUT: USUS BELAKANG
1. SALURAN PENCERNAAN
& KELENJAR PENCERNAAN
2. SISTEM PERNAFASAN
EPITEL PARU-PARU

Metenteron (bumbung endoderm)

terdiri dari 5 daerah:
Stomodeum
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut
Proctodeum

Introduction
The digestive
system is used for
breaking down
food into nutrients
which then pass
into the circulatory
system and are
taken to where
they are needed in
the body.

Introduction
There are four stages to
food processing:
1. Ingestion: taking in
food
2. Digestion: breaking
down food into
nutrients
3. Absorption: taking in
nutrients by cells
4. Egestion: removing
any leftover wastes

Pengolahan makanan dalam empat tahapan

Small
molecules
Pieces
of food
Pemecahan
Mekanik

Nutrient
molecules
enter body
Pemecahan Kimia
(enzymatic hydrolysis) cells

Undigested
material

Food

INGESTI

2 DIGESTI

3 ABSORPSI

ELIMINASI
Figure 21.2

I. Digestive system - General considerations

A. Digestive tract - general structure.
1. A hollow tube with lumen of variable diameter.
2. Extends from mouth to anus
3. The wall, starting with the esophagus, shows different
specializations along its length that relate to function of various
components of digestive tract.
4. Various glands (e.g. salivary glands )and organs (liver, gall
bladder, pancreas) are also components of this system.
5. The wall of most of the digestive tract consists of 4 major layers,
the a) mucosa, b) submucosa, c) muscularis externa and d)
adventitia or serosa. In the oral region, only the mucosa is easily
defined.

II. ORAL CAVITY

A. The oral cavity is lined with a keratinized or
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
depending on what region youre in.
1. This epithelium is often called the mucous
epithelium.
2. The transition between the stratified
keratinized squamous epithelium of the skin
and the stratified non-keratinized squamous
epithelium of much of the oral cavity occurs at
the lips.
3. The superficial (surface) cells of the nonkeratinized epithelium are nucleated (as
opposed to those of keratinized epithelium of
skin which are not) and have only a few
granules of keratin in their cytoplasm.

4. Below the stratified squamous epithelium is a layer of loose connective tissue, the
lamina propria.
a. This lamina propria shows some interdigitation with the stratified squamous
epithelium of the oral region as the dermis of the skin does with the epidermis.
b. It contains blood and lymph vessels, small glands, nerves and aggregations of
lymphocytes.

5. Together, the stratified squamous epithelium and the

lamina propria form the oral mucosa - No muscularis
mucosae
6. Sublingual and submandibular salivary glands lie in
tissues below the mucosa (this would be the
equivalent of the submucosa or sometimes below it).
7. There is no distinct boundry between the lamina
propria and the submucosa and no true muscularis
externa in oral region - what muscle there is will be
striated. No serosa/adventitia.

B. The roof of the mouth consists of soft and hard

palates.
1. The hard palate has an intramembranous bone
backing which is covered by a keratinized mucous
epithelium.
2. The soft palate has a core of skeletal muscle and is
covered by a non-keratinized mucous epithelium.

http://mywebpages.comcast.net/wnor/lesson10

C. Tongue
1. The tongue consists of a mass of striated
muscle covered by a mucosa consisting of a
non-keratinized, stratified, squamous
epithelium and lamina propria in most
places.
a. The mucous epithelium is strongly
adherent to the muscle below
b. This is because the C.T.of the lamina
propria penetrates into spaces between the
muscle bundles.
2. Tongue muscle is striated and composed
of bundles that are oriented in 3 planes.
a. This sort of structure increases both the
potential stiffness and the mobility of the
tongue.

http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/

5. Types of papillae found on the dorsal surface of the

tongue.
a. Filiform papillae - have an elongated conical shape.
* These papillae have a keratinized surface, are the
most numerous and are found over the entire dorsal
surface.
* There are no taste buds in the epithelium covering
filiform papillae.

b. Fungiform papillae - these are mushroom shaped.

* There are far fewer fungiform than filiform papillae.
* They are found interspersed between the filiform papillae over the entire anterior dorsal
surface of the tongue.
* A few taste buds may be found in the epithelium covering these papillae.

d. Circumvallate papillae - these are extremely large circular

papillae which have a flattened surface that extends above the
other tongue papillae. About 12 in number.
* Circumvallate papillae are distributed in the V region of the
posterior dorsal surface of the tongue.
* Many taste buds can be found in the epithelium covering their
lateral surfaces.

http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/

7. Taste buds
a. Oval multicellular structures
b. Cells surround a cavity that communicates with the oral cavity via a small pore
between the apexes of the cells.
c. Dissolved substances enter the cavity through this pore and come into contact
with the microvilli of gustatory cells (neuroepithelial sensory cells) of the taste bud.
d. These chemical stimuli are transduced to an electrical impulse that is transmitted
through afferent axons of cranial nerves 7, 9, and 10 that synapse on the basal
portions of the neuro-epithelial cells.
e. Action potentials travel along these axons to the portions of the brain responsible
for our sense of taste.

http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/

The Human Digestive

System
The bolus passes
down the
esophagus by
peristalsis.
Peristalsis is a
wave of muscular
contractions that
push the bolus
down towards the
stomach.

The Human Digestive

System
To enter the
stomach, the bolus
must pass through
the lower
esophageal
sphincter, a tight
muscle that keeps
stomach acid out
of the esophagus.

The Human Digestive

System
The stomach has
folds called rugae
and is a big
muscular pouch
which churns the
bolus (Physical
Digestion) and
mixes it with
gastric juice, a
mixture of stomach
acid, mucus and

The Human Digestive

System
The acid kills off any
invading bacteria or
viruses.
The enzymes help
break down proteins
and lipids. Chemical
Digestion.
The mucus protects the
lining of the stomach
from being eaten away
by the acid.

The Human Digestive

System
The stomach does do
some absorption too.
Some medicines (i.e.
aspirin), water and
alcohol are all absorbed
through the stomach.
The digested bolus is
now called chyme and
it leaves the stomach
by passing through the
pyloric sphincter.

Stomach
Functions
Mix food
Reservoir
Start digestion of
Protein
Nucleic acids
Fats

Activates some
enzymes
Destroy some bacteria
Makes intrinsic factor
B 12 absorption
Destroys some bacteria

Absorbs

Alcohol
Water
Lipophilic acid
B 12

32

The Human Digestive

System
Chyme is now in the
small intestine.
The majority of
absorption occurs here.
The liver and pancreas
help the small intestine
to maximize
absorption.
The small intestine is
broken down into three
parts:

The Human Digestive

System
1. Duodenum
. Bile, produced in the
liver but stored in the
gall bladder, enters
through the bile duct.
It breaks down fats.
. The pancreas
secretes pancreatic
juice to reduce the
acidity of the chyme.

The Human Digestive

System
2. Jejunum
. The jejunum is where
the majority of
absorption takes
place.
. It has tiny fingerlike
projections called villi
lining it, which
increase the surface
area for absorbing
nutrients.

Small Intestine
Secretes digestive
enzymes
Peptidases
Amino Di Tri-

Sucrases
Maltase
Lactase
Saccharidases
Di Tri-

Lipase
Nucleases
37

The Human Digestive

System

Each villi itself has tiny fingerlike

projections called microvilli, which further
increase the surface area for absorption.

The Human Digestive

System
3. Ileum
. The last portion of
the small intestine
is the ileum, which
has fewer villi and
basically
compacts the
leftovers to pass
through the
caecum into the
large intestine.

The Human Digestive

System
The large intestine
(or colon) is used
to absorb water
from the waste
material leftover
and to produce
vitamin K and
some B vitamins
using the helpful
bacteria that live
here.

Large Intestine
Histology
No villi
No permanent circular folds
Smooth muscle
Taeniae coli
Haustra

Epiploic appendages
Otherwise like rest of Gl tract

43

Large Intestine
Functions
Mechanical
digestion
Haustral churning
Peristalsis
Reflexes
Gastroileal
Gastrocolic

Absorbs

More water
Vitamins
B
K
Concentrate/eliminate
wastes

Chemical digestion
Bacterial
digestion
Ferment
carbohydrates
Protein/amino acid

44

The Human Digestive

System
All leftover waste is
compacted and
stored at the end of
the large intestine
called the rectum.
When full, the anal
sphincter loosens and
the waste, called
feces, passes out of
the body through the
anus.

Liver
Functions
Makes bile
Detergent emulsifies
fats
Release promoted by:
Vagus n.
CCK
Secretin

Contains

Water
Bile salts
Bile pigments
Electrolytes
Cholesterol
Lecithin

47

Liver
Detoxifies/removes
Drugs
Alcohol

Stores

Gycolgen
Vitamins (A, D, E, K)
Fe and other minerals
Cholesterol

Activates vitamin D
Fetal RBC production
Phagocytosis
Metabolizes absorbed
food molecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
48

Liver
Dual blood supply
Hepatic portal
vein
Direct input from
small intestine

Hepatic
artery/vein
Direct links to
heart

49

Feces Formation and

Defecation
Chyme dehydrated to
form feces
Feces composition

Water
Inorganic salts
Epithelial cells
Bacteria
Byproducts of digestion

Control
Parasympathetic
Voluntary

Defecation
Peristalsis pushes feces
into rectum
Rectal walls stretch

50

Grazer: makan
rumput (sapi,
kerbau, biri-biri)

Ruminansia

Browser: makan
ranting & semak
(rusa & kerabatnya
)
Keduanya
(kambing)

Hewan pemamah biak (ruminansia) adalah

sekumpulan hewan pemakan tumbuhan
(herbivora) yang mencerna makanannya
dalam beberapa langkah:
menelan bahan mentah mengeluarkan
makanan yang sudah setengah dicerna dari
perutnya mengunyahnya lagi.
Lambung hewan-hewan ini tidak hanya
memiliki satu ruang (monogastrik) tetapi lebih
dari satu ruang (poligastrik, harafiah: berperut
banyak).

Pencernaan Ruminansia
Alat pencernaannya
terdiri:

Mulutfaringesop
haguslambung(ru
men, retikulum,
omasum,abomasum
)usus halus
(duodenum, ileum,
jejenum)usus
besaranus.

1. Rongga Mulut
dibentuk oleh tiga atap:
o palatum durum (langit-langit keras)
o palatum mole (langit-langit lunak)
o velum palastini (bagian tepi)

Dasar rongga mulut bersifat lunak

Di dalam rongga mulut: gigi, lidah,
kelenjar ludah.
rahang dapat bergerak menyamping
untuk menggiling
makanan.

 lidah : untuk mengambil makanan

& menempatkan pada gigi
ludah : mengandung enzim yang
ada hubungannya dengan selulosa
(makan rumput)
gigi tidak punya taring

Susunan gigi hewan

ruminansia
3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rahang atas
M P C I I C P M Jenis gigi
3 3 0 4 4 0 3 3 Rahang
bawah
I = insisivus = gigi
seri
C = kaninus = gigi taring
P = premolar = geraham
depan
M = molar = geraham
belakang

Fungsi gigi seri dan

geraham
Gigi geraham molar: menggiling &
menggilas dinding sel tumbuhan yang
mengandung selulosa (gerakan gigi ke kiri
& ke kanan gerakan menggiling &
menggilas)
Pada diastema:lidah dijulurkan untuk
merenggut rumput & memasukkannya ke
dalam mulut
gigi seri : memotong & menjepit makanan

2. Faring
Faring merupakan
persimpangan saluran nafas
dengan saluran cerna. jalan
makan harus cepat. Pada faring,
bolus tidak akan berubah.

3. Eshopagus
Kerongkongan berfungsi sebagai
penyalur bolus ke rumen.
Pada kerongkongan terdapat
kelenjar sekretoris: makanan tidak
berubah.

Lambung
Lambung terdiri dari :
kardia, fundus, badan
(sekresi pepsin dan HCl)
dan pylorus (sekresi
mucus : gastrin). Lambung
berfungsi sebagai tempat
menyimpan bahan
makanan sementara,
lambung mengalami
proses mekanis dan
kimiawi, adanya gerakan
lambung dan cairan
lambung bersifat asam.
Lambung terbagi menjadi
4 ruang, yaitu rumen,
retikulum, omasum,
abomasum

Rumen
Di rumen terdapat simbiosis anatara hewan
pemamah biak dengan bakteri dan flagelata
yang dapat menghasilkan enzim selulose.
Bakteri yang mampu menghancurkan selulose
contohnya adalah Cytophaga dan Cypromonas
subtilis. Akibat perombakan oleh flagelata ini,
feses dapat digunakan untuk pupuk dan dapat
pula digunakan sebagai bahan dalam
pembuatan biogas melalui proses peragian.

Di dalam rumen terjadi

pencernaan protein dan polisakarida,
serta fermentasi selulosa oleh enzim
selulase. Bakteri di dalam perut
besar juga akan membentuk vitamin
B-kompleks. Dari rumen, makanan
masuk ke retikulum.

Retikulum
Di retikulum, makanan dibentuk menjadi
gumpalan-gumpalan kasar yang disebut
bolus. Pada saat sapi beristirahat, bolus
yang disimpan sedikit demi sedikit
dikeluarkan dari retikulum untuk dikunyah
lagi. Sesudah itu ditelan lagi masuk ke
retikulum, lalu ke omasum, di omasum
terjadi penyerapan air dari pengunyahan,
dan selanjutnya ke abomasum.

Abomasum
Abomasum merupakan tempat
terjadinya sekresi asam dan enzim
pencernaan untuk mencerna
makanan. Hasil pencernaan di
abomasum menghasilkan bentuk
bubur yang disebut kim.

Kim kemudian menuju usus dua

belas jari dan masuk ke bagian usus
halus lainnya. Di usus halus ini
terjadi penyerapan hasil pencernaan,
sedangkan makanan yang tidak
tercerna menuju usus besar dan
mengalami penyerapan air menjadi
feses. Kemudian, feses menuju
rektum dan keluar melalui anus.

Usus Halus
Pada usus kecil / halus sangat
penting dalam pemecahan dan
absorpsi. Terjadi pemecahan bahan
makanan secara sempurna dan
penyerapan sari makanan secara
besar-besaran di duodenum,
jejenum, dan ileum.

Usus Kasar
Usus kasar (intestinum crasum = colon)
mempuyai ciri-ciri sbb:
Ukuran lebih besar daripada usus halus
dan terdapat sakulasi (kantong-kantong)
Pada usus kasar terjadi fermentasi dan
absorpsi air dan elektrolit secara intensif
Usus kasar hanya sedikit menggunakan
gerakan peristaltik.

Kesimpulan
Perjalanan makanan
pada pencernaan hewan
ruminansia:
1. Rumput di mulut
dikunyah 2. Esofagus
3. Rumen, pencernaan
polisakarida,protein, dan
fermentasi selulosa oleh
enzim selulase 4.
Retikulum, membentuk
bolus 5. Mulut,
dikunyah lagi 6.
Retikulum 7.
Omasum 8.
Abomasum, pencernaan
oleh enzim pencernaan.

Small intestine

Small
intestine

Stomach

Cecum

Colon
(large
intestine)

CARNIVORE

HERBIVORE

Figure 21.12A

 Beberapa mamalia mengolah selulosa dengan

bantuan mikroba pada usus besar atau cecum

Cecum adalah kantung tempat pertemuan usus

halus dan usus besar
Contoh : pada kuda dan gajah

Mamalia lain mengolah ulang kotoran mereka

untuk diambil nutrients-nya
Contoh : Kelinci dan beberapa rodentia

Esophagus
Stomach
Gizzard
Intestine
Mouth
Crop
Anus

BIRD

PERKEMBANGAN
SISTEM
PENCERNAAN

Metenteron (bumbung endoderm)

terdiri dari 5 daerah:
Stomodeum
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut
Proctodeum

SALURAN PENCERNAAN

Oesophagus

Bentuk memanjang
Lanjutan pharynx
Dilapisi epitel stratified rambut silia
mesentrium

Ventriculus
Bag.dorsal tumbuh lebih cepat drpd
ventral (kurvatura mayor dan
minor)
Jendolan di bag.kranial menjadi
bag.fundus
Mengalami rotasi 90o, kurvatura
mayor di kiri minor di kanan
Ada hepar, ventriculus terdorong ke
sebelah kiri rongga abdomen

Ventriculus
Moderm splangnik membentuk :
1. tunika sub-mukosa
2. tunika muskularis
3. tunika serosa
Ujung distal ventriculus : pilorus
Pembatas dgn duodenum : sfinkter
pilorus

Perbandingan Ventriculus
Aves memiliki proventriculus
Rumiantia memiliki rumen, reticulum,
psalterium
Mamalia memiliki cardia, fundus,
corpus, pylorus

Intestine

Posterior ventriculus cloaca

Bag.pertengahan masih berhubungan
dgn yolk sac, di sebelah ventral
embryo
Dilihat dr yolk sac, intestine bagian :
Kranial akan menjadi duodenum,
jejenum, sebagaian ileum
Caudal akan menjadi ileum posterior,

Intestine
Ditunjang oleh mesentrium dorsal
dan ventral
Mengalami torsion (pelekukan),
rotation (pemutaran), herniasi, dan
coiling (penggulungan)
Pemutaran anti clock wise, porosnya
arteri mesenterika superior,
bag.kranial ke kanan dan caudal ke
kiri.

Intestine
Rongga abdominal tidak membesar,
intestine terus memanjang
herniasi di daerah tali pusat (hernia
umbilikus)
Coiling di bagian ileum
Ujung distal ileum colon asenden,
menjendol ke arah caudal. Penjuluran
pada saekum : appendix (usus
buntu)

Usus Besar
Lanjutan usus halus
Terdiri dari colon dan rectum (paling
ujung saluran pencernaan)
berdasar letak anatominya, colon
asenden, c.transversal, c.desenden,
dan c.sigmoid
Paling distal rectum, lapisan
endoderm berdempet dgn ektoderm :
membran anus
Membran anus pecah : lubang anus

Perubahan pada Epitel di Usus

Dari satu lapisan menjadi vili,

berlekuk-lekuk
Terbentuk
glandula Lieberkuhn (penjuluran epitel
yg berlipat ke dlm mukosa) di daerah
usus
glandula Brunner di daerah duodenum
kelompok limfonodulus : glandula limfa
dan bercak Peyer di sub mukosa (masa
fetus)

For Your Info

Kotoran fetus (mekoneum) tertelan
fetus sampai ke dalam usus halus.
Mekoneum steril, berwarna hijau.
Mekoneum terdiri dari campuran
mukus, empedu, sel yg terlepas,
rambut nalugo, sekresi kelenjar kulit.

http://www.rvc.ac.uk/review/abdomen/HTML/intestinal3.htm
http://www.rvc.ac.uk/review/abdomen/HTML/intestinal.htm
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Pankreas