MM222

Strength of Materials
Lecture 01
Spring 2015

Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Research Associate
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, GIK Institute
Contact: Office G13, Faculty Lobby
raza@giki.edu.pk, hkabeerraza@gmail.com, 03344025392

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)

An outcome is the criterion on which the
assessment of students will be based.
A statement which tells about what the
students are able to do after studying this
course.
In strength of materials (SOM) MM222 the
main CLO is
Apply the concepts of mechanics in
engineering applications

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Course contents
Theory of solid mechanics, Elastic and plastic strains, Engineering
vs. True stress and strains, the equilibrium and constitutive
equations - (05 Lectures)
Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram, Free-body Diagram (06 Lectures)
Factor of Safety, Stress concentration (02 Lectures)
Deflection of beams and columns (06 Lectures)
Torsional loading of solid and hollow circular shafts (06 Lectures)
Pressure in thin and thick walled cylinders / vessels (05 Lectures)
Thermal Stresses, Combined Stresses (05 Lectures)
Principal stresses and Mohr's Circle of stress and strain (05
Lectures)
Energy methods, Computational methods and Yielding Criteria (05
Lectures)

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

Grading Policy

Project (10%)
Quizzes 20%
Mid-semester Exam. 30%
Final Exam. 40%

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Books
Mechanics of Materials by Beer and Johnston, 6th ed.
(Course textbook)
Strength of Materials and Structures by JOHN CASE, 4 th
Ed.
Mechanics of Solid Materials by J. Lemaitre and J. L.
Chaboche
Mechanical Behavior of Materials by William F. Hosford
Mechanical Metallurgy by Georgy E. Dieter, SI Metric Ed.
Applied Mechanics of Solids by Allan F. Bower (available
online at http://solidmechanics.org/contents.htm)
ASM Volumes (Related and special topics)
E-Journals

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Lab Experiments
Comparison of yield strength, ultimate tensile
strength and fracture strength of different
metallic materials.
Impact, creep, and fatigue tests of engineering
materials.

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Basic Concepts

Stress
Strain
Stress strain curves
Elastic and Plastic Deformation
Yielding
Fracture
Engineering and True stress and strains

MM222
Strength of Materials
Lecture 02
Spring 2015

Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Research Associate
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, GIK Institute
Contact: Office G13, Faculty Lobby
raza@giki.edu.pk, hkabeerraza@gmail.com, 03344025392

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Basic Concepts

Engineering and True stress and strains

Normal and Shear stresses
Stress tensor (9 components)
Sign conventions
Conditions of equilibrium
Free body diagram
Hookes Law
Generalized Hookes Law

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Normal and Shear components

S
n

F is along S (the total stress)

Fn = Fsin(90-) = Fcos
Fs = Fcos(90-) = Fsin
= Fcos/A
= Fsin/A
x = Fsinsin/A
y = Fsincos/A

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

9 components of stress
Suppose n number of forces
are acting on a body
The total effect of all the
forces can be reduced to 9
components of stress as shown
Since the body is in
equilibrium; there are 3
components of shear
symmetric to other 3.
So, finally we can reduce the
calculations to only 6
components

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Sign conventions
Normal Stress

Type

Sign

Tensile

+ve

Compression

-ve

Shear Stress
Plane
Directio Sign
n
+
+
+
+
+
-x +
-

(001)

(100)
-y

+y

+x

(01
0)
y

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Conditions of equilibrium
F = 0
Fx = 0
Fy = 0

= 0
anticlock = clock

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Free body diagram

A free body diagram, sometimes called a
force diagram, is a pictorial device, often a
rough working sketch, used by engineers and
physicists to analyze the forces and moments
acting on a body.
Example

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Example Equilibrium & Free body

diagrams

The structure is designed to support

a 30 kN load
The structure consists of a boom
and rod joined by pins (zero
moment connections) at the
junctions and supports
Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force in each
structural member and the reaction
forces at the supports

Solutions by two
methods

MM222
Strength of Materials
Lecture 03
Spring 2015

Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Research Associate
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, GIK Institute
Contact: Office G13, Faculty Lobby
raza@giki.edu.pk, hkabeerraza@gmail.com, 03344025392

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Example Equilibrium & Free body

diagrams

The structure is designed to

support a 30 kN load

The structure consists two

components
Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force in
each structural member and the
reaction forces at the supports

Suppose that one of components is your

arm what kind of stress would you be
feeling?
Suppose for each component

Solutions by two
methods

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Structure Free Body Diagram

Structure is detached from supports and
the loads and reaction forces are
indicated
Conditions for static equilibrium:
M C 0 Ax 0.6 m 30 kN 0.8 m
Ax 40 kN

Fx 0 Ax C x
C x Ax 40 kN

Fy 0 Ay C y 30 kN 0
Ay C y 30 kN

Ay and Cy can not be determined from

these equations

rtant: The direction of Reactions in free body diagram may be taken along any ax

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Component Free-Body Diagram

In addition to the complete structure, each

component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium

Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:

M B 0 Ay 0.8 m
Ay 0

substitute into the structure equilibrium

equation
C y 30 kN

Results:
A 40 kN C x 40 kN C y 30 kN

Reaction forces are directed along boom and

rod

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Method of Joints

The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,

the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends

For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to

to an axis between the force application
points, equal in magnitude, and in opposite
directions

Joints must satisfy the conditions for static

equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:

F
B 0

FAB FBC 30 kN

4
5
3
FAB 40 kN

FBC 50 kN

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Another method
Make the sum of forces zero (in the entire
structure)
Separate the joint B from rest of the structure
Now we have three forces, say 30 kN, F1 and
F2
Apply the condition of static equilibrium and
solve
In the same way solve for the other two joints
Important for this method:
the direction of force is always taken
outward, if the force in component is
unknown
If the force is known: tensile is taken outward
while compression is taken inward

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Hookes Law
For spring
Extension in spring is proportional to the
applied force
Spring constant

For elastic solids

Stress is proportional to strain
Elastic modulii (E and G)
Normal and shear stress-strain relations
= E OR = G
Normal and shear strains

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Generalized form of Hookes Law

Poissons Effect: Elongation in axial direction
accompanies contraction in lateral (transverse)
directions
Poissons ratio
An example of uni-axial loading of tensile bar
x will have accompany one axial component
of strain x and two transverse components y
and z
or
Poissons ratio =

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Generalized form of Hookes Law

Assumption: applied normal stresses do not produce shear

strains on x, y or z planes while the applied shear stresses
do not produce normal stresses on the x, y or z planes
Total strains in x, y and z direction is found by
superposition of the components;
Shear strains are simple related to the applied shear
stresses. i.e.

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Elastic Constants

Youngs Modulus = E
Poissons ratio = v
Shear modulus = modulus of rigidity = G
Hydrostatic stress
Volumetric strain =
Bulk modulus = the volumetric modulus of
elasticity =

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Elastic Constants
Summation of the equations of Hookes Law

Youngs Modulus = E
Poissons ratio = v
Shear modulus = modulus
of rigidity = G
Hydrostatic stress
Volumetric strain =
Bulk modulus = the
volumetric modulus of
elasticity =

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Relation b/w engineering and true

stress and strains

Considering constant volume:

From (1) and (2)