Open Grid Services Architecture

Ferenc Vajda
vajda@sztaki.hu

Computer and Automation Research Institute

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Hungarian Academy of Sciences

GRID

Past: Globus
Present: OGSA

Future: Semantic Grid

Past is history, future is mystery

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Roots of OGSA
Globus Toolkit: GTPL (Globus Toolkit Public License)
GT3: Platform Globus (Commercially supported)

The Anatomy of the Grid

The Physiology of the Grid papers by Ian Foster et
al.
Grid Forum
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GGF (Global Grid Forum)

OGSA Working Group

Main issues of The Anatomy of the

Grid
Virtual Organization (VO)
Nature of Grid Architecture
-Interoperability
-Protocol
-Services
-API (Application Programming Interface)
-SDK (Software Development Kit)

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Main issues of The Anatomy of the

Grid 2.
Architecture Description
-Fabric: interfaces to local control
-Connectivity: communicating easily
and securely
-Resource: sharing single resources
-Collective: coordinating multiple resources
-Applications

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The layered Grid architecture

The Anatomy of the Grid

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Main issues of The Physiology of the Grid

Grid technologies
-Enterprise Computing
-Service Providers (SPs)
-Business-to-Business (B2B) Computing
Background
-Globus Toolkit
-Web Services
o SOAP
o WSDL
o UDDI
o WSFL
o WS-Inspection

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Building an Open Grid

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Building an Open Grid

Open
Standards

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Building an Open Grid

Open
Standards

Open
Source
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Building an Open Grid

Open
Standards

Open
Source
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Open
Infrastructure

Building an Open Grid

Credit to Ian Foster

Open
Standards
Open
Grid
Open
Source
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Open
Infrastructure

Grid and Open Standards

Credit to Ian Foster

Increased functionality,
standardization

App-specific
Services
Web services

X.509,
LDAP,
FTP,
Custom
solutions

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Open Grid
Services Arch

GGF: OGSI,
(+ OASIS, W3C)
Globus Toolkit Multiple implementations,
including Globus Toolkit
Defacto standards
GGF: GridFTP, GSI

Time

Open Grid Services Architecture

From Web Services
Standard interface definition mechanisms
-Interface and implementation
(multiple protocol bindings)
-Local/remote transparency
-Language interoperability
-Service semantics

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Open Grid Services Architecture 2.

From Grids
Lifecycle management
Reliability and security models
Discovery
Further services: resource management,
authorization, etc.

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Open Grid Services Architecture 3.

Objective: to integrate services across
- distributed
- heterogeneous
- dynamic virtual organizations
Solution:
-standard mechanisms for creation,
naming, discovery
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-location transparency, multiple

protocol binding
-integration with hosting environment

OGSA Platform

OGSA Platform services: registry,

authorization, monitoring, data
access, etc., etc.
OGSI

Environmentspecific
profiles

Host. Env.

& Protocol Bindings

HostingEnvironment
Environment
Hosting

GWD-R
(draft-ggf-ogsa-platform-3)
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Open Grid Services Architecture Platform
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http://www.ggf.org/ogsa-wg

Models for resources

& other entities

OGSA
Platform

More specialized &

domain-specific
services

Other
models

Domainspecific
profiles

Transport
Protocol

Editors:
I. Foster, Argonne & U.Chicago
D. Gannon, Indiana U.

Principal elements of OGSA

Platform
Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI)
OGSA Platform Interfaces
OGSA Platform Models

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OGSA Platform Profiles

Environment, domain-specific supplements:
Protocol bindings
Hosting environment bindings
Sets of domain-specific services

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Open Grid Services Infrastructure

Key Features:
Grid Service description and instances
Service state, metadata and introspection
Naming and name resolution
Fault model
Lifecycle
Service group

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OGSI
OGSI = Grid Technologies + Web Services
In OGSI everything is represented as a Grid
service.
Service: a network-enabled entity that provides
some capabilities through the exchange of
messages.
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OGSI
Most important components:
Grid Service
Factory
Registry
HandleMap

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The Grid Service

A WSDL-defined service that conforms to a set of
conventions relating to its interface and behaviors.
Description composed of two parts:
-Grid service description
-Describes a clients interaction
with service instances:syntax
and semantics (PortType)
-Can be used by any number of
Grid service instances
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-Grid service instance

The Grid Service 2.

-Grid service instance
-Embodies a state
-Has one or more unique Grid Service
Handles (GSHs)
-Has one or more Grid Service
References (GSRs)

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The Grid Service 3.

typed (characterized by the offered capability)
interfaces (set of operations)
invocation (by sequences of message exchange)
created/destroyed (dynamically)
GSH (Grid Service Handle): globally unique name
GSR (Grid Service Reference): abstraction for e.g.
protocol binding, network address, etc.

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Factories: Creating Transient Services

Factory = Factory interface + implemented service
CreateService operation: -creates a requested Grid
service
-returns a GSH + an initial
GSR

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Handles and References

GSH: reference for service instance forever
GSR: changes during lifetime
HandleMap: handle-to-reference mapper
-takes a GSH
-returns a valid GSR

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Registry and Notification

Registry: registry interface + service data elements
(info about GSH)
Notification
Subscribe operation
NotificationSource interface
NotificationSink: message (keep alive)
push model (FindServiceData pull model)
Semantics: protocol binding property
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e.g. SOAP/HTTP protocol

Client runtime architecture

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Credit to S. Tuecke et al. (Grid Service Specification)

GSH Resolving

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Credit to S. Tuecke et al. (Grid Service Specification)

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Open Grid Service Infrastructure

Client

Introspection:
What port types?
What policy?
What state?

Grid Service
Handle

handle
resolution

Lifetime management
Explicit destruction
Soft-state lifetime

GridService
(required)

Data
access

Service
data
element

Service
data
element

Other standard interfaces:

factory,
notification,
collections
Service
data
element

Grid Service
Reference

Implementation

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Hosting environment/runtime
(C, J2EE, .NET, )

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Credit to Ian Foster

1a. Request to
Registry for
sources of data
about x
1b. Registry
responds with
Factory handle

OGSA-DAI (Data Access and Integration

SOAP/HTTP

Registry

service
creation
API interactions

2a. Request to Factory for

access to database

Factory
Client

2c. Factory
returns handle
of GDS to client
3a. Client queries GDS
with XPath, SQL, etc

3c. Results of query

returned to client as XML

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2b. Factory creates

GridDataService to
manage access

Grid
Data
Service
3b. GDS
interacts with
database

XML /
Relation
al
databas
e

Security Challenges
Integrate
Extensible architecture
Using existing services
Implementation agnostic

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Interoperate

Trust

Secure interoperability

Trust relationship

Publishing QoS

Trust establishment

Federation

Presumed trust
Assertions

Grid Security Requirements

Authentication
Delegation
Single sign-on
Credential lifespan and renewal
Authorization
Privacy
Confidentiality
Integrity

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Grid Security Requirements 2.

Policy exchange
Secure logging
Assurance
Manageability
Firewall traversal
Securing infrastructure

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Components of Grid Security Model

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Security Architecture Building Blocks

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Security as Service
Authentication service
Identity mapping service
Authorization service
I/O policy service
Credential conversion service
Audit service
Profile service
Privacy service

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Semantic Grid
Ferenc Vajda
vajda@sztaki.hu

Computer and Automation Research Institute

Hungarian Academy of Sciences
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Data/Information/Knowledge
Data: observed facts
Information: organized and related facts with
attributed properties
Knowledge: sum of what is known: concepts,
objects with characteristics, principles, laws,
know-how, etc.
Semantics: a term used for meaning,
interpretation, knowledge through reasoning
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Different Evaluations of the Grid

1. Grid generations
To link supercomputer centers
(e.g. I-way)
Toolkit- and middleware-based
(e.g. Globus)
Service-oriented (OGSA)

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Different Evaluations of the Grid 2.

2. Based on the technologies used
Protocol-based
Service-based
Semantic Web based
3.Based on application requirements
Data/computational Grid
Information Grid
Knowledge Grid
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Problems Related to Semantic Web

Knowledge Representation
Ontologies
Agents
Knowledge Evaluation

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Resource Description Framework

(RDF)
Metadata: structured data about data
Resource identification: Universal Resource
Identifier (URI)
Most common type of URI: Uniform Resource
Locator (URL)
Qualified URI: URI + fragment identifier
Concepts:
-Graph model
-Set of triplets: subject, property,object
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RDF 2.

Subject

Property

Object

-Vocabulary: URI-based (Both nodes and

arcs)
-Data types: based on XML Schema

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RDF 3.

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What is an Ontology?
Greek: ontos = being, logos = science
world view regarding a domain
shared understanding
definitions, inter-relationship
conceptualization

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What does an Ontology look like?

vocabulary of terms
specification of their meaning (i.e. definitions)
- highly informal (natural language)
- semi-informal (restricted, structured form of
natural language)
- semi-formal (artificial, formally defined
language)
- rigorously formal (formal semantics, proofs,
completeness)
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Use of Ontologies
communication (between people and organizations)
system engineering (specifications, reusable
components)
inter-operability (between systems)

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Ontologies
Ontology: defines the terms used to describe and
represent an area of knowledge
-taxonomy: object classification +
relationship among them (properties and
inheritance of properties)
-inference rules
Web Ontology Language (OWL)
DAML (DARPA = Defense Advanced Project Agency
Agent Markup Language)
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Agents
Agent: Capability to understand and integrate diverse
information resources (based on domain ontologies)

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Agents 2.

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Semantic Web Layers

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Credit to Berners-Lee (XML2000 address)

Semantic Grid

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Semantic Grid
Basis:
Metadata enabled
Ontologically principled
Goal:
New e-Science infrastructure
Grid + Semantic Web
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Services
Base services
-data/computational services (network
access, resource allocation and
scheduling, data shipping, etc.)
-information services (query
processing, event notification,
instrumentation management,
etc.)
Semantic services
e.g. -semantic database integration
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-semantic workflow description

Services 2.
Knowledge services
-acquisition
-modeling
-publishing, use and maintenance
-resource management
-application

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Knowledge Grid Architecture

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Credit to Carole Goble et al.

Roles of Ontologies

Credit to Carole Goble et al.

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The term procedure used

by one tool is translated
into the term method
used by the other via the
ontology,
whose term for
Credit to Rokhlenko Oleg
the same underlying
concept is process.

Roles of Ontologies (Example)

procedure

give me the procedure for

viewer
translator

procedure =
here is
the process for
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give me the

procedure = ???

Ontology

process
METHOD =
process

process for
??? = process

translator
here is the
METHOD
for

method
library

Knowledge Services

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Credit to Carole Goble et al.

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Typical Applications
Service discovery
Knowledge annotation
Workflow composition
Data interpretation
Collaborative science

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Grid Service Discovery

Simple discovery
attribute-base
name lookup
type matching
Semantic discovery
matchmaking
based on ontology description
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Brokering vs. Matchmaking

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Grid Service Discovery Framework

Ontology based description used by
service provider
service requester
service matchmaker
service registry database

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Matchmaking process
comparison: request to registry
decision: based on filters
information

Service Description
What the service does: service profile
How it works: ServiceModel
How it is used: ServiceGrounding
Description by RDF(S): Resource Description
Framework Schema

Service profile
description (human readable)
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functionalities
functional attributes

Service Description 2.

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Credit to DAML-S White Paper

Filtering
Independent filtering is based on
context matching
syntactic matching
- comparison of profiles
- similarity matching
- signature matching
semantic matching

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myGrid project

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Role of Ontologies in myGrid

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