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PLANT DEFENSE

KETAHANAN TANAMAN TERHADAP


PATOGEN

MEKANISME RESISTENSI PADA


TANAMAN

Pathogen recognation
Gene for gene interaction
Hipersensitive response (HR)
Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)
Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR)

WHY STUDY PLANT


RESISTANCE?
80% tatol kalori yang dikonsumsi manusia

berasal dari 6 tanaman: gandum, padi,


jagung, kentang, ubi dan ubi kayu (Raven et
al., 1999)

Kita kehilangan 12% dari total panenan

karena infeksi patogen sebanding dengan


900 juta ton per-tahun di seluruh dunia
(Krimsky and Wrubel, 1996)

TANAMAN DI SERANG
Mikroorganisme: virus, bakteri, cendawan
Nematoda
Insect dan beberapa serangga yang lain

PENYAKIT RUST (KARAT) PADA KEDELAI


KARENA CENDAWAN PHAKOPSORA
PACHYRHIZI

BACTERIAL BLIGHT (BB) CAUSED BY THE


PATHOGENXANTHOMONAS ORYZAE PV.
ORYZAE(XOO)
Bacterial panicle blight
caused by Burkholderia
glumae

BARLEY YELLOW DWARF


VIRUS

Typically 25-28nm in diameter and


hexagonal. They are composed of
two proteins (a major coat protein
and a minor "readthrough"
protein) that encapsulate the
single-stranded ribonucleic acid
(ssRNA) genome.

PENGENALAN PATOGEN
Gene-for-gene hypothesis: hipotesis geneuntuk-gen: Setelahinfeksi olehpatogen
tertentu, sebuahgen yang sesuaimengenali
produkavrdan
memicumekanismepertahanan.

Non-host resistance: ketahanan

semuaanggota suatu spesiesinang


terhadapseluruh anggota spesiespatogen.

PATHOGEN RECOGNATION

Host-pathogen recognition. If a plant has the appropriate R gene to


correspond to the pathogens Avr gene, then the plant is resistant and no
disease develops. If, however, the plant does not have the matching R gene,
the interaction may result in infection.

GENE FOR GENE MODEL


For each resistance gene in the host there is a corresponding
gene for avirulence in the pathogen and for each virulence in
the pathogen there is a gene for susceptibility in host plant.
A loss or aulteration to either plant resistance R gene or the
pathogen avirulence (Avr) gene leads to disease
(compatibility) (Flor, 1971)
Interactions involved in R gene-Avr gene
incompatibility

Host Plant Genotype

Pathogen
genotype Avr1 avr 2
avr1 Avr2
I=incompatible i.e resistance
C=compatible i.e suseptible

RIr2

rIR2
I

RESPON HIPERSENSITIF

Mengeluarkan dalam jumlah yang banyak


oksigenreaktifdi sekitar situsyang terinfeksi

Sintesisantimikrobaphytoalexin

AkumulasiAsamsalisilat(SA)

Langsung menghancurkan dan membunuhpatogen

Memperkuatdinding sel danmemicuapoptosis

Membatasipenyebaranpatogen

Cepat danlokal

REAKSI HIPERSENSITIF

Nekrosis:
Membatasi
penyebara
npatogen

The following cartoon depicts what might


happen in a plant cell being attacked by a
pathogen! (Click "Play Movie" to watch):
http://www.unc.edu/depts/our/hhmi/hhmi-ft_le
arning_modules/plantmodule/how.html

SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED
RESISTANCE (SAR)
Respon sekunder
Sistemik = menyeluruh
Resistensi berjangkauan luas (broad-range
resistance)

Mengarah ke ekspresi pathogenesis-related


(PR) genes

Sinyal: Salicylic Acid (SA)


a compound that is chemically similar to but not identical to the active
component of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)

SALICYLIC ACID
Terakumulasi di jaringan baik lokal (setempat) atau

seluruhnya.
Penghilangan SA (seperti pada tanaman nahG
mencegah induksi SAR
Analog: INA atau BTH

SA pada tanaman berpengaruh pada


proses pembungaan, thermogenesis,
respon tanaman terhadap stress
dan pertahanan tanaman
2-hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid

transgenic nahG plants expressing an SA


hydroxylase that degrades SA

nahG gene encoding salicylate


hydroxylase

nahG - salicylate hydroxylase

Synthetic functional analogs: 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic


acid (INA) dan benzothiadiazole S-methyl ester (BTH)

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp
40/40020.html

PATHOGEN-RELATED (PR)
GENES
Memiliki sifat antimikrobia
Banyak yang telah diidentifikasi
Dikelompokkan berdasarkan aktivitasnya
Contoh:

PR-2: beta 1,3 glukanase


PR-3: kitinase
PR-12: defensin

Table. Recommended Classification of Pathogenesis-Related Proteins (PRs)

Family

Type member

Properties

PR-1

tobacco PR-1a

antifungal?, 14-17kD

PR-2

tobacco PR-2

class I, II, and III endo-beta-1,3-glucanases, 25-35kD

PR-3

tobacco P, Q

class I, II, IV, V, VI, and VII endochitinases, about 30kD

PR-4

tobacco R

antifungal, win-like proteins, endochitinase activity,


similar to prohevein C-terminal domain, 13-19kD

PR-5

tobacco S

antifungal, thaumatin-like proteins,


osmotins, zeamatins, permeatins,
similar to alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitors

PR-6

tomato inhibitor I

protease inhibitors, 6-13kD

PR-7

tomato P

endoproteases

PR-8

cucumber chitinase

class III chitinases, chitinase/lysozyme

PR-9

lignin-forming peroxidase

peroxidases, peroxidase-like proteins

PR-10

parsley PR-1

ribonucleases, Bet v 1-related proteins

PR-11

tobacco class V chitinase

endochitinase activity

PR-12

radish Ps-AFP3

plant defensins

69

Induced Systemic Resistance


(ISR)

ISR potentiates plant defense responses


ISR is SA-independent
ISR is independent of PR gene activation
ISR requires JA and C2H4 (etilen) response
pathways
ISR not associated with JA- and C2H4responsive gene activation
ISR primes plant for enhanced C2H4
production
Summary: compare and contrast ISR and
SAR

Not covered in class:

1) bacterial determinants of ISR

Plant-mediated*, broad-spectrum resistance response that is


activated by selected strains of saprophytic rhizosphere
bacteria. Many are PGPR. PGPR colonization non-specific;
ability to induce SR has some specificity. * Inducing bacteria and
pathogen can be spatially isolated

ISR potentiates plant defense responses


Fusarium wilt of carnation and radish
Biocontrol by P. fluorescens WCS358
Iron competition important: sid- mutant not effective
Biocontrol by P. fluorescens WCS417
Twice as effective
Sid-mutant still 100% effective
Worked when WCS417 and fusarium were spatially separated on the
plant*
WCS417 did not trigger phytoalexin accumulation*
WCS417 treated plants produced more phytoalexin in response to
Fusarium*

Root rot in bean


Accelerated and potentiated papilla formation
*Van Peer et al (1991) Phytopathol 81:728-734

NPR1 gene
encodes a
transcription
coactivator
(NPR1) that
plays a major
role in the
mechanisms
regulating
plant defense
response
Pieterse et al. (1998) Plant Cell 10, 1571-158

Pieterse et al (2002) Plant Biology 4:535-544

ISR primes plant for enhanced C2H4 production?


ISR plants do not show increased levels of C2H4, or JA,
but
ISR activated plants convert more ACC to C2H4

ACC=1 aminocyclopropane 1 carboxylate


C2H2= etilen

Pieterse et al. WORKING MODEL


Pieterse (2001) Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 107:51-61

ISR vs SAR
Induced systemic resistance is induced by non-pathogenic rhizobacteria
Systemic acquired resistance is induced systemically after
inoculation with necrotizing pathogens, HR, or application of some
chemicals (SA analogs or agonists)
Induced systemic resistance is independent of salicylic acid, but involves
jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling
Systemic acquired resistance requires salicylic acid as signaling
molecule in plants
Induced systemic resistance is accompanied by the expression of sets of
genes distinct from the PR genes
Systemic acquired resistance is accompanied by induction of
pathogenesis related proteins
Both require NPR1

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