LITERATURE

LITERATURE
Literature (from Latin litterae : letter)
The word literature literally means things
made from letters." Literature is commonly
classified as having two major formsfiction
& non-fiction, and two major
techniques/divisions-prose and poetry.

LITERATURE
Fiction literature describing imaginary events
and people.
short story, novel, novella, screenplay,
or drama- are common example of fiction
writing.

LITERATURE
Non-fiction is the form of
any narrative, account, or other
communicative work whose assertions and
descriptions are understood to be factual.

LITERATURE
Essay, journals, memoir,
diaries, documentaries, histories, scientific
papers, photographs, biographies, textbooks,
travel books, blueprints, technical
documentation, user manuals, diagrams and
some journalism -are all common examples of
non-fiction works.

LITERATURE
Prose is the form of written language that is
not organised according to formal patterns of
verse.
Examples:
Short story, novels, fables, myths ,editorial and
autobiography.

LITERATURE
Poetry is language spoken or written
according to some pattern of recurrence that
emphasises relationships between words on
the basis of sound as well as meaning. This
pattern is almost always a rhythm or metre
(regular pattern of sound units).
lyric, ballad, narratives, elegy ,ode, sonnet
and haiku- are common examples.

Why do we need to
study literature?

LITERATURE
As an answer to a number of physiological needs,
our impulse to read literature in certain moods at
certain occasion is universal.
The exciting narratives, romantic adventures,
classical anthologies, allows us to escape from the
problems of our daily lives.
We commune with people irrespective age, sex and
status. We become participants and witnesses to
varied human experiences which cause us to change
our behaviour, attitudes, and even aspirations.

LITERATURE
We may tend to fantasize, sometimes, dream
and hope but matters really is that we develop
deeper sense of sensitivity to human emotions,
the freedom to become ourselves and become
better persons, eventually, a clearer
understanding of ourselves and others.

LANGUAGE OF
LITERATURE

LITERATURE
Literature, the art that records the tradition and
heritage of mans imagination employs for its
medium language. For some 2000 years,
writers have explored this realm and
undeniably, we are compelled to respond
because it presents feelings, perceptions, and
understanding in so remarkably powerful,
vivid and clear language.

LITERATURE
We read to LEARN.
We read to bring us pleasure, delight &
entertainment.
We read to REVITALIZE

TWO KINDS
OF
LITERATURE

Literature of Knowledge
Is an interpretation of facts, ideas, or
happenings such as character description, a
narrative recount of an experience or a
discussion of political issue.
Autobiography, personal narrative, biography
history, and various form of essay fall in this
category.

Literature of imagination
Is the product of a creative writers
presentation of the general truths of human
nature. Where the historian dabbles with facts
or the philosopher on abstract relations of
ideas and reality, the creative writer, on the
other hand interprets experience by concretely
inventing a life-like image or story that
embodies truths of human nature.

Short
Story
By: Mary Ann
Porlas

Short Story
is a prose narrative that communicates the
writers feeling about some experiences a
distinct impression , a vision, the meaning
generated from his personal experience and
innate sensibility.

Short Story
FRANK O CONNOR in the lonely voice
writes that the short story is a distinct
art form because the author has a
greater effect to achieve in a smaller
compass, hence he must seize upon
basic situation that has within it a
maximum significance
GRANVILLE HICKS has also this to say
about good short story, that is, an
attempt to make the reader share in a

Elements of
a Short
Story

Short
Story

PLOT
- is a series of events or arrangement of details and
incidents in the story. It consist of the following
parts.
CHARACTERS
- They are the men and women involved in the main
plot.

Short Story
THEME
- is the central message or unifying and controlling
idea of the work; it is the subject or topic of the
selection which is sometimes stated by a character
or by the writer himself.
STYLE
- in the general sense, style refers to the manner in
which the writers employs language. Grammatically
and rhetorically a good style is one that reveals
definite theme, an understable point of view.

Short Story
POINT OF VIEW
- The point of view relates to the narrator of the
story. The narrator may or may not be a
character in the story.

Short Story
CLASSIFICATION OF POINT OF VIEW:
1. FIRST PERSON
. he/ she could be a participant or a character in
his own work.
2. THIRD PERSON
. The writer is merely an observer and uses
pronouns in the third person.
3. OMNISCIENT
. The writer narrator sees all, he can see into the
minds of character.

POETRY
By: Rhodalyn
Alferez

POETRY

The earliest literary expression in virtually all

cultures.
Enjoying and delightful expression, it was first
known written literary heritage.
Distinctive of poetry is that it continues to
stimulate the imagination which demands
visualization of events, places and characters
often outside in the realm experiences.

POETRY
Distinctively there are differences among
people in a certain Asian poetic expression
even among Asian cultures.
The Chinese delight in rhyme while the
Japanese do not recognize it because of the
language structure

POETRY
DEFINITION OF POETRY:
Plato define poetry as nearer to vital truth than
history.
Aristotle linked with mans innate love for
imitation of our sense of harmony and rhythm.
Shelley, another Romantic considered poetry
as a record of the best and happiest moments
of the best and the happiest in minds.

POETRY
Allan Tate, contemporary critic, claimed that it is
must for reader of poetry to render the poem the
fullest cooperation of his intellectual resources,
all his knowledge of the world and all the
persistence and alertness that he now thinks
giving scientific studies.
Poetry like all literature, attempts to
communicate an authors emotional and
philosophical responses to his/her own existence.

POETRY
Poetry different from prose
1st poetry is more concise, concentrated, intense,
rhythmical, and melodious than prose.
2nd is that, poetry is more economical than prose.

POETRY
Diction in poetry refers to the pots description
of his own experience in words combining its
actual and suggested meaning.
The feeling of Words-creating mood in poetry.
The sounds of Words-Writers play with
sounds of words to create pleasing
effect and mood the repetition of
initial sounds in word is known
alliteration.

POETRY
Rhyme in Poetry- When the sounds at the end
of the words are repeated, the result is rhyme.
Imagery
- Poems contain clear and vivid images or
pictures made with words.
- The poet can make the readers see, feel, smell,
hear and even the flavor the things described.
Figurative Speech