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vs.
HEAT
(not available for work)
(c) Euglena
(b) Kelp
(a) Mosses, ferns, and
flowering plants
(d) Cyanobacteria
Food Chain
X-rays
UV
Infrared &
Microwaves
Visible light
Wavelength (nm)
Radio waves
Gamma
rays
X-rays
UV
Infrared
Visible light
Wavelength (nm)
Microwaves
Radio
waves
lig h
d
e
ect
l
f
e
R
h
lig
Transmitted light
The thylakoid
membrane of the
chloroplast is
impregnated with
photosynthetic
pigments (i.e.,
chlorophylls,
carotenoids).
Light
Reflected
light
Transmitted
light
Chloroplast
Absorbed
light
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis is the process by which
autotrophic organisms use light energy to
make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon
dioxide and water
Carbon
dioxide
Water
Glucose
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Oxygen
gas
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
The light reactions
convert solar
energy to chemical
energy
Light
Chloroplast
NADP
ADP
+P
Light
reactions
Calvin
cycle
MESOPHYLL CELL
LEAF
Mesophyll
CHLOROPLAST
Intermembrane space
Outer
membrane
Granum
Grana
Stroma
Inner
membrane
Stroma
Thylakoid
Thylakoid
compartment
Chloroplast Pigments
Chloroplasts contain several pigments
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Carotenoids
Figure 7.7
Chlorophyll a & b
Chl a has a methyl
group
Chl b has a carbonyl
group
Porphyrin ring
delocalized e-
Phytol tail
Excitation of chlorophyll
in a chloroplast
e
2
Excited
state
Heat
Light
Light
(fluorescence)
Photon
Ground
state
Chlorophyll
molecule
Photon
PHOTOSYSTEM
Reaction
center
Pigment
molecules
of antenna
Cyclic Photophosphorylation
Process for ATP generation associated with
some Photosynthetic Bacteria
Reaction Center => 700 nm
Two types of
photosystems
cooperate in the
light reactions
Photon
Photon
ATP
mill
Water-splitting
photosystem
NADPH-producing
photosystem
Noncyclic Photophosphorylation
Photosystem II regains electrons by splitting water,
leaving O2 gas as a by-product
E
Primary
electron acceptor
Primary
electron acceptor
El
ec
tro
n
tra
ns
po
rt
c
l ec
tro
n
tra
ns
po
rt
ha
in
Photons
Energy for
synthesis of
PHOTOSYSTEM I
PHOTOSYSTEM II
by chemiosmosis
Primary
electron
acceptor
NADP
2
Light
E le
Light
ct r
on
t
r an
sp
o rt
ch
ain
Primary
electron
acceptor
Reactioncenter
chlorophyll
Water-splitting
photosystem
2 H + 1/2
NADPH-producing
photosystem
Thylakoid
compartment
(high H+)
Light
Light
Thylakoid
membrane
Antenna
molecules
Stroma
(low H+)
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
CHAIN
PHOTOSYSTEM II
PHOTOSYSTEM I
ATP SYNTHASE
Stack of
thylakoids
ADP
+P
Light
reactions
Calvin
cycle
Cellular respiration
Cellulose
Starch
Other organic compounds
Chloroplast
Light
Photosystem II
Electron
transport
chains
Photosystem I
CALVIN
CYCLE
Stroma
Elec
tron
s
Cellular
respiration
Cellulose
Starch
LIGHT REACTIONS
CALVIN CYCLE
Other
organic
compounds