Major: Chemical

Engineering
Subject: Chemical
Engineering
Mathematics 2

Author:
Andrew KUMORO

Dept. of Chemical
Engineering
Diponegoro University
2013

CHAPTER 2
LINEAR
EQUATIONS
and
SIMULTANEOUS
LINEAR
EQUATIONS

SUB CHAPTER
Linear equations

Simultaneous linear equations with two

unknowns

Simultaneous linear
three unknowns

equations

with

LINEAR EQUATIONS
Solution of simple equations
A linear equation in a single variable
(unknown) involves powers of the variable no
higher than the first. A linear equation is also
referred to as a simple equation.
The solution of simple equations consists
essentially of simplifying the expressions on
each side of the equation to obtain an
ax b cx d giving ax cx d b and hence
equation of the form:
x

d b
a c

SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

WITH TWO UNKNOWNS
Solution by graphical methos
Solution by substitution

Solution
by
coefficients/Elimination

equating

Simultaneous linear equations with

two unknowns
Solution by graphical method
Let us consider the following system of two
simultaneous linear equations in two variable.
2x y = -1
3x + 2y = 9
Here we assign any value to one of the two
variables and then determine the value of the
other variable from the given equation.

For the equation

2x y = -1 ---(1)
2x +1 = y
Y = 2x + 1
3x + 2y = 9 --- (2)
2y = 9 3x
9 - 3x
Y = ----------2

-1

(-1,6)

(2,5)

(0,3)

(0,1)

X
Y

X= 1
Y=3

Simultaneous linear equations with

two unknowns
Solution by substitution
A linear equation in two variables has an
infinite number of solutions. For two such
equations there may be just one pair of xand y-values that satisfy both simultaneously.
For(aexample:
) 5x 2 y 14
(b)

3x 4 y 24 from (a): 5x 2 y 14 2 y 14 5x y 7
in (b)

5x

3x 4 7 24 x 4
2

in (a)

5(4) 2 y 14 y 3

5x
2

Simultaneous linear equations with

two unknowns
Solution by equating
coefficients/Elimination
Example: (a)
(b)

3x 2 y 16
4 x 3 y 10

Multiply (a) by 3 (the coefficient of y in (b))

and multiply (b) by 2 (the coefficient of y in
(a))
(a) 3 9 x 6 y 48
(b) 2 8x 6 y 20 add together to give 17 x 68 x 4
Substitute in (a) to give 3(4) 2 y 16 y 2

Simultaneous linear equations with

three unknowns
With three unknowns and three equations the
method of solution is just an extension of the
work with two unknowns.
By equating the coefficients of one of the
variables it can be eliminated to give two
equations in two unknowns. These can be
solved in the usual manner and the value of
the third variable evaluated by substitution.

Simultaneous linear equations

Pre-simplification
Sometimes, the given equations need to be
simplified before the method of solution can
be carried out. For example, to solve:

2( x 2 y) 3(3x y) 38
4(3x 2 y) 3( x 5 y) 8

11
x

38
Simplification yields:
9 x 7 y 8

Matrix Form of Linear Equations

The system of equations:
a11T1 a12T2 L a1N TN C1
a21T1 a22T2 L a2 N TN C2
M

M M

a N 1T1 a N 2T2 L a NN TN C N

A total of N algebraic equations for the N

nodal points and the system can be expressed
as a matrix formulation:

[A][T]=[C]
a11 a12 L a1N
T1 C1
a

T
C
a
L
a
21
22
2 N
2
2

where A=
,T
,C
M M M M
M M

a N 1 a N 2 L a NN
TN C N

Numerical Solutions
Matrix form: [A][T]=[C].
From linear algebra: [A]-1[A][T]=[A]1
[C],
[T]=[A]-1[C]
where [A]-1 is the inverse of matrix [A].
[T] is the solution vector.
Matrix inversion requires cumbersome
numerical computations and is not
efficient if the order of the matrix is
high (>10)

Numerical Solutions
Gauss elimination method and other
matrix solvers are usually available in
many numerical solution package. For
example, Numerical Recipes by
Cambridge University Press or their web
source at www.nr.com.
For high order matrix, iterative methods
are usually more efficient. The famous
JACOBI ITERATION & GAUSS-SEIDEL
ITERATION methods will be introduced
in the following.

Iteration For Solving Simulatenous Linear Equations

General algebraic equation for nodal point:

i 1

a T
j 1

ij

aiiTi

aT

j i 1

ij

Ci ,

(Example : a31T1 a32T2 a33T3 L a1N TN C1 , i 3)

Rewrite the equation of the form:
Replace (k) by (k-1)
for the Jacobi iteration
i 1
N
a
a
C
Ti ( k ) i ij T j( k ) ij T j( k 1)
aii j 1 aii
j i 1 aii
(k) - specify the level of the iteration, (k-1) means
the present level and (k) represents the new level.
An initial guess (k=0) is needed to start the
iteration.
By substituting iterated values at (k-1) into the
equation, the new values at iteration (k) can be
estimated
(k)

(k-

EXAMPLE
Solve the following system of equations using (a) the Jacobi
methos, (b) the Gauss Seidel iteration method.
Reorganize into new form:
4 X 2Y Z 11,
11 1
1
X 2Y 0 * Z 3,
X = - Y- Z
4 2
4
2 X Y 4 Z 16
3 1
Y
=
+ X+0*Z
4
2
1
X
11

2 2
1 2 0 Y 3

1
1
Z
=
4
X
Y
2 1 4 Z 16
2
4
(a) Jacobi method: use initial guess X0=Y0=Z0=1,
stop when max Xk-Xk-1,Yk-Yk-1,Zk-Zk-1 0.1
First iteration:
X1 = (11/4) - (1/2)Y0 - (1/4)Z0 = 2
Y1 = (3/2) + (1/2)X0 = 2
Z1 = 4 - (1/2) X0 - (1/4)Y0 = 13/4

Second iteration: use the iterated values X1=2, Y1=2, Z1=13/4

X2 = (11/4) - (1/2)Y1 - (1/4)Z1 = 15/16
Y2 = (3/2) + (1/2)X1 = 5/2
Z2 = 4 - (1/2) X1 - (1/4)Y1 = 5/2
Converging Process:

13
[1,1,1], 2,2,
4

519 517 767

512 , 256 , 256

15 5 5
7 63 93
133 31
393
, 16 , 2 , 2 , 8 , 32 , 32 , 128 , 16
, 128
. Stop the iteration when

max X 5 X 4 , Y 5 Y 4 , Z 5 Z 4 0.1

FINAL SOLUTION [1.014, 2.02, 2.996]

EXACT SOLUTION [1, 2, 3]

(b) Gauss-Seidel iteration:

Substitute the iterated values into the iterative
process immediately after they are computed.
Use initial guess X 0 Y 0 Z 0 1
11 1
1
3 1
1
1
X Y Z, Y X , Z 4 X Y
4 2
4
2 2
2
4
11 1
1
Immediate substitution
First iteration: X1 = (Y 0 ) ( Z 0 ) 2
4 2
4
3 1
3 1
5
Y 1 X 1 (2)
2 2
2 2
2
1 1 1 1
1
1 5
19
1
Z 4 X Y 4 (2)
2
4
2
4 2
8
1033 4095 24541
5 19 29 125 783

Converging process: [1,1,1], 2, , ,

,
, ,
,
,
1024 2048 8192
2 8 32 64 256

The iterated solution [1.009, 1.9995, 2.996] and it converges faster

GROUP TASK
1
It takes three different ingredients A, B, and
C, to produce a certain chemical substance.
A, B, and C have to be dissolved in water
separately before they interact to form the
chemical.
Suppose
that
the
solution
containing A at 1.5 g/cm3 combined with the
solution containing B at 3.6 g/cm3 combined
with the solution containing C at 5.3 g/cm 3
makes 25.07 g of the chemical. If the
proportion for A, B, C in these solutions are
changed to 2.5, 4.3, and 2.4 g/cm3 ,
respectively (while the volumes remain the
same), then 22.36 g of the chemical is
produced. Finally, if the proportions are 2.7,
5.5, and 3.2 g/cm3, respectively, then 28.14 g
of the chemical is produced. What are the

A garden supply centre buys flower seed in bulk

GROUP
then
mixes and packages the seeds for home
TASK 2use. The supply center provides 3
garden
different mixes of flower seeds: Wild Thing,
Mommy Dearest and Medicine Chest.
1) One kilogram of Wild Thing seed mix contains
500 grams of wild flower seed, 250 grams of
Echinacea
seed
and
250
grams
of
Chrysanthemum seed.
2) Mommy Dearest mix is a product that is
commonly purchased through the gift store and
consists of 75% Chrysanthemum seed and 25%
wild flower seed.
3) The Medicine Chest mix has gained a lot of
attention lately, with the interest in medicinal
plants, and contains only Echinacea seed, but the
mix must include some vermiculite (10% by

In a single order, the store received 17 grams

of wild flower seed, 15 grams of Echinacea
seed and 21 grams of Chrysanthemum seed.
Assume that the garden center has an ample
supply of vermiculite on hand.
Use matrices and complete Gauss-Jordan
Elimination to determine how much of each
mixture the store can prepare.

GROUP TASK
3
Your
company has three acid solutions on
hand: 30%, 40%, and 80% acid. It can mix all
three to come up with a 100 - gallons of a 39%
acid solution. If it interchanges the a mount of
30% solution with the amount of the 80%
solution in the first mix, it can create a 100 gallon solution that is 59% acid. How much of
the 30%, 40%, and 80% solutions did the
company mix to create a 100- gallons of a
39% acid solution?

GROUP TASK
4
A bakery displays the number of ounces of
yogurt, wheat, and butter used in the
production of one patch of its products. It uses
0.625 kg of yogurt, 0.625 kg of wheat and
0.625 kg of butter in a patch of rolls; 0.9375 kg
of wheat and 0.9375 kg of butter in a patch of
cookies; and 1.25 kg
of yogurt and 1.25 kg of butter in a patch of
bread. The bakery is supplied with 400 kg of
yogurt, 350 kg of wheat, and 500 kg of butter,
which must be used up completely.
a . Put the above information in a table format.
b. What is the maximum number of patches of
all products that can be made to completely
use up all the supplies?

GROUP TASK
5
Last year you purchased shares in three
Internet companies: OHaganBooks.com,
FarmersBooks.com, and JungleBooks.com. The
OHaganBooks.com cost you $50 per
share, Far mersBooks.com stocks cost you $45
per share, and JungleBooks.com cost you $30
per share. You spent a total of $24,400, and
purchased twice as many FarmersBooks.com
shares
as
JungleBooks.com.
The
OHaganBooks.com stocks
appreciated by
20%, while the other two appreciated by 10%,
and you sold all the stocks for $3,440 more
than you originally paid. How many stocks of
each company did you originally purchase?

THE END