TAR1 Chapter 17d

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The American Republic To 1877

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Chapter Introduction
Section 1
Reconstruction Plans
Section 2
Radicals in Control
Section 3 The South During

Reconstruction
Section 4
Change in the South
Chapter Summary
Chapter Assessment
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Chapter Objectives
Section 1: Reconstruction Plans
Compare Lincolns plan for Reconstruction and
the plan of the Radical Republicans.
Explain Andrew Johnsons proposal for handling
Reconstruction.
Click the mouse button or press the

Space Bar to display the information.
Chapter Objectives
Section 2: Radicals in Control
Identify what some Southerners did to deprive
freed people of their rights, and explain how
Congress responded.
Cite the main features of Radical Reconstruction.

Chapter Objectives
Section 3: The South During
Reconstruction
Identify what groups participated in the Souths
Reconstruction.
Explain how Southern life changed during
Reconstruction.

Chapter Objectives
Section 4: Change in the South
Cite the changes that occurred in the South during
the last years of Reconstruction.
Describe how African Americans were denied their
rights.

Why It Matters
We had survived our worst war, but the end of
the Civil War left Americans to deal with a set of
pressing issues. The status of some 3.5 million
former enslaved people had yet to be decided.
Nor had the terms by which the former
Confederate states would rejoin the Union been
decided. How Americans would handle these
issues would shape the future of our country.
The Impact Today

Debate over the rightful power of the federal
government and the states continues to this day.
Americans continue to wrestle with the problem
of providing civil rights and equal opportunity
to all citizens.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Differences over how Reconstruction should be
carried out divided the government.
Key Terms
Reconstruction
amnesty
radical
freedmen

Guide to Reading (cont.)

Reading Strategy
Taking Notes As you read the section, re-create the
diagram on page 500 of your textbook and describe
each of the Reconstruction plans.
Read to Learn
how the Reconstruction plans of Lincoln and the
Radical Republicans differed.
what President Johnsons Reconstruction plans
were.


Section Theme
Groups and Institutions The South worked to rebuild
its economy and its institutions.
Lincolns second
Inaugural Address

Reconstruction Debate
Americans faced many difficult issues over
how Reconstruction, or rebuilding the South,
should be carried out.
Before the war was over, Lincoln proposed in
1863 the Ten Percent Plan for accepting
Southern states back into the Union.
When ten percent of the voters of a state took
an oath of loyalty to the Union, the state could
form a new government and adopt a new
constitution banning slavery.
(pages 500502)
Reconstruction Debate (cont.)

- Lincoln wanted Southerners who supported the
Union to take charge of the state governments.
- Lincoln offered amnesty to all white Southerners
who were willing to swear loyalty
to the Union, except Confederate leaders.
- He supported giving educated African Americans or
those who served in the Union army the right to
vote.
- Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee established
governments under Lincolns plan in 1864.
- A struggle occurred when Congress refused to seat
their representatives.
(pages 500502)

A more radical plan proposed by Radical
Republicans called for a tougher approach to
Reconstruction.
The plan called for breaking up Southern
institutions.
Since the Radical Republicans controlled
Congress, they voted to deny seats to any state
reconstructed under Lincolns plan.
(pages 500502)

Congress developed its own harsh plan in July
1864 by passing the Wade-Davis Bill.
- A majority of white males had to swear loyalty.
- Only white males who swore they had never
fought against the Union could vote for delegates
to a state convention.
- Former Confederates were denied the right to
hold public office.
- If a new state constitution abolishing slavery was
adopted at a convention, then the state could be
readmitted to the Union.
(pages 500502)

- Lincoln refused to sign the bill.
- He knew, though, that he would have to compromise
with the Radical Republicans.
(pages 500502)

Another difficult issue of Reconstruction was
how to help freed African Americans.
A new government agency, the Freedmens
Bureau, was established to help former
enslaved persons.
It distributed food and clothing, provided
medical services, and established schools
staffed mostly by teachers from the North.
(pages 500502)

It helped African Americans buy land and get
jobs and receive fair wages.
It also gave aid to new African American
higher institutions of learning, such as
Atlanta University, Howard University, and
Fisk University.
(pages 500502)
Why were several Reconstruction plans proposed for

allowing Southern states back into the Union?
Lincoln wanted a mild plan to get the states back
together, but Congress wanted more stringent
guidelines. Lincoln wanted to encourage Southerners
who supported the Union to take charge of the state
governments. Congress did not want the president to
control how states should be reconstructed, but
wanted to control Reconstruction themselves, so
debate followed.
(pages 500502)
Space Bar to display the answer.
Lincoln Assassinated!
The country mourned the death of a man who
saved the Union and helped African Americans
win freedom.
On the evening of April 14, 1865, President
Lincoln was shot while attending a play at the
Fords Theater
in Washington, D.C.
His assassin, John Wilkes Booth, entered the
box Lincoln was sitting in, shot him in the
back of the head, and escaped.
Lincoln died a few hours later at the home of a
nearby tailor.
(pages 502503)
Lincoln Assassinated! (cont.)

Vice President Andrew Johnson became the
president.
As a former senator, he was the only Southern
senator to support the Union.
He called his plan for the South
Restoration.
- Most Southerners would be granted amnesty once
they swore an oath of loyalty to the Union.
(pages 502503)

- High-ranking Confederate officials and wealthy
landowners could only be pardoned by applying
personally to the president.
- This was his way of attacking the wealthy leaders
who he thought tricked Southerners into
seceding.
- The president would appoint governors and
require them to hold elections for state
constitutional conventions.
- Only whites that swore their loyalty and had been
pardoned would be allowed to vote.
(pages 502503)

- Before a state could reenter the Union, its
constitutional convention had to denounce
secession and abolish slavery.
- States had to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment
passed in January 1865 that abolished slavery.
By the end of 1865, Johnson declared

Restoration was almost complete because all
the former Confederate states, except Texas,
had established new governments and were
ready to rejoin the Union.
(pages 502503)
Johnson believed in giving the states control over

many decisions, and he had no desire to help African
Americans. How did his restoration plan show these
beliefs?
His plan called for state governors to hold elections
for constitutional conventions. He gave the vote to
only whites who swore their loyalty to the Union,
leaving out African Americans. He believed that each
state should decide what to do about freed people, so
he did not specify any guidelines.
(pages 502503)
Checking for Understanding

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the
left.
__
B 1. the granting of pardon to a
large number of persons;
protection from prosecution
for an illegal act
A. Reconstruction
B. amnesty
C. radical
D. freedmen
__
A 2. the reorganization and
rebuilding of the former
Confederate states after the Civil War
__
C 3. extreme; referring to one who favors making extreme
changes to the government or society, such as the New
Left
__
D 4. persons freed from slavery
Space Bar to display the answers.

Reviewing Facts What did the Thirteenth
Amendment provide?
The Thirteenth Amendment provided freedom

from slavery throughout the United States.

Reviewing Themes
Groups and Institutions Why do you think
both Lincoln and the Radical Republicans
excluded former Confederate officers from
their Reconstruction plans?
They wanted to punish former Confederates as
traitors.

Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions Do you think President
Johnsons early ties to the South influenced his
treatment of African Americans in his
Reconstruction plans? Explain your answer.
Analyzing Visuals
Picturing History Study the painting on page
501 of your textbook. What words would you
use to describe the mood of the people?
The people in the painting look sad, dejected,

hopeless, gloomy, and depressed.

Math Use the Statistical Abstract of the United

States or another reference book to find information
on the percentages of African American students
enrolled in schools in 1860, 1870, and 1880. Use this
information to create
a bar graph.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Radical Republicans were able to put their version of
Reconstruction into action.
Key Terms
black codes
override
impeach


Reading Strategy
Organizing Information As you read the section, recreate the diagram on page 504 of your textbook and
provide information about impeachment.
Read to Learn
what some Southerners did to deprive freed people
of their rights.
what the main features of Radical Reconstruction
were.


Section Theme
Civic Rights and Responsibilities Southern states
created new governments and elected new
representatives.
Ku Klux Klan flag

African Americans Rights

The new Southern states passed a series of laws
in 1865 and early 1866 called black codes.
These laws reestablished slavery in disguise.
They deprived freed people of their rights and
enabled plantation owners to exploit African
American workers.
- Some laws allowed local officials to arrest and fine
unemployed African Americans and make them
work for white employers to pay off their fines.
(pages 504506)
African Americans Rights (cont.)

- Other laws banned African Americans from owning
or renting farms.
- One law allowed whites to take orphaned African
American children as unpaid apprentices.
Congress challenged the black codes.

It extended the life of the Freedmens Bureau
in 1866 and granted it the power to set up
special courts to prosecute people charged
with violating the rights of African
Americans.
(pages 504506)

It also passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866,
giving full citizenship to African Americans,
and gave the federal government the right to
intervene in state affairs to protect them.
It overturned black codes and contradicted the
1857 Supreme Court Dred Scott decision
saying that African Americans were not
citizens.
(pages 504506)

Johnson vetoed both bills.
However, Republicans were able to
override both vetoes and the bills became
law.
This split between the president and the
Radical Republicans led Congress to draft
a new Reconstruction plan.
(pages 504506)

In June 1866 Congress passed the Fourteenth
Amendment to the Constitution granting full
citizenship to all individuals born in the United
States.
The amendment also says that no state can
take away a citizens life, liberty, and property
without due process of law. Every citizen
was also entitled to equal protection of the
laws.
- It did not include voting rights for African
Americans.
- It also barred certain former Confederates from
holding national or state office unless pardoned by a
(pages 504506)
two-thirds vote of Congress.

Congress declared that Southern states must
ratify the amendment in order to be readmitted
to the Union.
Because Tennessee was the only state
to ratify early, adoption of the amendment
was delayed until 1868 when the other ten
states finally ratified it.
(pages 504506)

Republicans won victories in the congressional
elections of 1866.
They increased their majorities in both houses
and gained control of every Northern state
government.
(pages 504506)
Why did the Radical Republicans think Johnsons

Reconstruction plans were not strong enough and what actions
did they take?
They wanted to protect the freedom of African Americans, and
Johnsons plan offered no way to do this. Because the states were
allowed to decide what to do about freed people under Johnsons
plan, Southern states passed black codes, which were an extension
of slavery. The Radical Republicans challenged the black codes
and overrode the presidential vetoes both on the Civil Rights Act
of 1866 and on extending the life and powers of the Freedmens
Bureau. They also wanted to be sure that African Americans
would not lose any rights of the Civil Rights Act, so they passed
the Fourteenth Amendment.
(pages 504506)
Radical Reconstruction
Radical Reconstruction was the period
that began when Congress passed the
Reconstruction Acts.
The First Reconstruction Act, passed on
March 2, 1867, called for the creation of new
governments in the ten Southern states that
had not ratified the Fourteenth Amendment.
Tennessee was quickly readmitted to the
Union because it had ratified the amendment.
(pages 506508)
Radical Reconstruction (cont.)

- The ten states were divided into five military
districts under the command of military officers.
- African American males were guaranteed the right to
vote in state elections.
- Former Confederate leaders could not hold political
office.
- To be readmitted, each state had to ratify the
Fourteenth Amendment and submit its new state
constitution to Congress.
(pages 506508)

The Second Reconstruction Act was passed a
few weeks later.
It required military commanders to begin
registering voters and to prepare for new state
constitutional conventions.
(pages 506508)

By 1868 seven Southern states had
established new governments and met the
conditions for readmission.
They were Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia,
Florida, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South
Carolina.
By 1870 the final three states restored to the
Union were Mississippi, Virginia, and Texas.
(pages 506508)

The rift between Congress and President
Johnson grew wider.
Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act in
March 1867 to limit the presidents power.
It prohibited him from removing
government officials without the Senates
approval.
(pages 506508)

When Congress was not in session in August
1867, Johnson suspended his secretary of war,
Edwin Stanton.
When the Senate met again and refused to
approve this act, Johnson fired Stanton.
Johnson also appointed as commanders of
Southern military districts some generals
whom the Radicals opposed.
(pages 506508)

Because of Johnsons actions, the House voted
to impeach him.
The case went to the Senate for a trial that
lasted almost three months.
- His defenders said he was exercising his right to
challenge laws he thought unconstitutional.
- They said the impeachment was politically
motivated and that Congress was trying to
remove him from office without accusing
him of a crime.
(pages 506508)

- His accusers argued that Congress should retain the
power to make laws.
- A senator from Massachusetts said that Johnson had
turned the veto power into a remedy for illconsidered legislation . . . into a weapon of offense
against Congress.
- The Senate vote was one vote short of the two-thirds
majority needed to convict, so Johnson remained in
office until March 1869.
(pages 506508)

The 1868 presidential election was a vote on
Reconstruction.
Most states had rejoined the Union by the
election.
Americans chose Republican and former
Northern general Ulysses S. Grant as their
new president.
(pages 506508)

Another major piece of Reconstruction
legislation was the Fifteenth Amendment.
It prohibited the state and federal governments
from denying the right to vote to any male
citizen because of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude.
It became law in February 1870.
The Republicans thought that the power of the
vote would allow African Americans to protect
themselves.
(pages 506508)
Why did the Reconstruction Acts require the

states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and
submit their new state constitutions to Congress?
Congress wanted to be sure that African
Americans would maintain their recently won
freedom from the Fourteenth Amendment, so the
states needed to ratify it. Congress wanted the
state constitutions to meet its requirements, so the
states had to submit them to Congress for
approval.
(pages 506508)

left.
__
A 1. laws passed in the South just
after the Civil War aimed at
controlling freedmen and
enabling plantation owners to
exploit African American
workers
__
B 2. to overturn or defeat, as a bill
proposed in Congress
C 3. to formally charge a public
__
official with misconduct in
office

A. black codes
B. override
C. impeach

Reviewing Facts Discuss two ways Southerners
violated Lincolns plan for Reconstruction.
Former Confederate officials were chosen for

Congress, and treatment of African Americans
did not improve.

Reviewing Themes
Civic Rights and Responsibilities How did
Congress challenge the black codes set up by
Southern states?
It granted power to the Freedmens Bureau to

prosecute those who violated rights of African
Americans, and passed the Civil Rights Act of
1866.

Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions If you had been a
member of the Senate, would you have voted
for or against convicting President Johnson?
Why?
Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Examine the map that
appears on page 507 of your textbook; then
answer these questions. What are the
geographic divisions of the South shown on the
map? Which military district was composed of
only one state? Which states made up the Third
District?
The geographic divisions are the five Southern
districts controlled by the military during
Reconstruction. The Virginia district was
composed of only one state. Florida, Georgia,
and Alabama made up the Third District.
Expository Writing Write a one-page essay in which

you argue for or argue against the Radical
Republicans plan for Reconstruction.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
After the Civil War the South had to rebuild not only
its farms and roads, but its social and political
structures as well.
Key Terms
scalawag
carpetbagger
corruption
integrate
sharecropping


Reading Strategy
Organizing Information As you read the section, recreate the diagram on page 509 of your textbook and
describe improvements in the South in the field of
education.
Read to Learn
what groups participated in Reconstruction in the
South.
how Southern life changed during Reconstruction.


Section Theme
Continuity and Change The Republican Party
dominated Southern politics during Reconstruction.
Mississippi Senator
Hiram Revels

New Groups Take Charge

The Republican Party consisted of three main
groups that dominated Southern politics:
African Americans, white Southerners who
supported Republican policies, and white
settlers from the North who moved to the
South.
- African Americans held important positions but
did not control the government of any state.
- Between 1869 and 1880, sixteen African
Americans served in the House and two in the
Senate.
(pages 509511)
New Groups Take Charge (cont.)

- Hiram Revels was elected to the Senate from
Mississippi in 1870 and served one year.
- Blanche K. Bruce was the other senator, also from
Mississippi, who was elected in 1874 and served
six years.
- The Confederates called some Southern whites
who had opposed secession and were
nonslaveholding farmers or business leaders
scalawags or scoundrels.
- They hated them for siding with the Republicans.
(pages 509511)

- Many Northern whites who moved to the South and
supported the Republicans were called
carpetbaggers by their critics.
- They got the name because they carried suitcases
made of carpet fabric with all their belongings.
- Others were reformers who wanted to help reshape
Southern society.
(pages 509511)

Most white Southerners opposed efforts to
expand the rights of African Americans.
Plantation owners still tried to keep control of
the freed people.
They kept them on the plantations and refused
to rent land to them.
Store owners refused them credit, and
employers refused them work.
(pages 509511)

During Reconstruction secret societies
committed violence against African Americans
and white supporters of African Americans.
The Ku Klux Klan, formed in 1866, killed
them and burned their homes, churches, and
schools.
The Klans supporters were Southerners,
especially planters and Democrats who wanted
to reestablish white supremacy and saw
violence as a way to attack Republicans.
(pages 509511)

Southerners opposed to violence and terrorism
appealed to the federal government.
In 1870 and 1871, Congress passed several
laws without too much success.
Some arrests were made, but most white
Southerners would not testify against these
people.
(pages 509511)
Why do you think most white Southerners opposed

expanding the rights of African Americans?
Plantation owners still needed laborers, so they
wanted to keep the freed African Americans from
leaving; some white Southerners were afraid of
losing their jobs to freed people; and some were
white supremacists, who believed that whites should
control the South. Many were unable to think of
African Americans as free or possessing any rights.
(pages 509511)
Some Improvements
Reconstruction brought important changes,
especially in education.
African Americans created their own schools
in some regions.
The Freedmens Bureau and private charities
spread the value of education.
Free African Americans from the North and
Northern women taught in the schools.
By 1870 about 4,000 schools existed and more
than half the teachers were African Americans.
(pages 511512)
Some Improvements (cont.)

Public school systems for both races were
created in the 1870s.
Generally whites and African Americans
attended different schools.
More than 50 percent of white children and
about 40 percent of African Americans went
to public schools within a few years.
(pages 511512)

The other major change occurred in farming.
Most African Americans were not able to
buy their own land.
Instead, they rented a plot of land from a
landowner along with a shack, some seed,
and tools.
They became sharecroppers.
(pages 511512)

Sharecropping was not much better than
slavery for many because in return for the use
of the land, the sharecroppers had to pay the
landowner by giving him a share of the crops
they grew.
Barely anything was left for their families, and
they rarely had enough to sell and to make any
money.
(pages 511512)
What were the positive and negative effects of some

improvements brought by Reconstruction?
Education improved for both races, but schools were
generally segregated. African Americans were able to
rent land and become sharecroppers, although they
would have preferred owning their own land as well
as making some money from the crops they grew.
Instead, they had to give the landowner a share of
their crops, which left very little for them.
(pages 511512)

left.
__
E 1. system of farming in which
a farmer works land for an
owner who provides
equipment and seeds and
receives a share of the crop
A. scalawag
__
B 2. name given to Northern
whites who moved South
after the Civil War and
supported the Republicans
E. sharecropping
B. carpetbagger
C. corruption
D. integrate
__
A 3. name given by former Confederates to Southern
whites who supported Republican Reconstruction of
the South

left.
__
D 4. to end separation of
different races and bring
into equal membership
in society
A. scalawag
__
C 5. dishonest or illegal
actions
D. integrate

B. carpetbagger
C. corruption
E. sharecropping

Reviewing Facts How did some
Southerners try to maintain control
over freed people?
Some told freed slaves they could not leave

their plantations; many refused to rent land to
African Americans or give them work; stores
refused credit; some whites resorted to violence
and intimidation.

Reviewing Themes
Continuity and Change How did the state
governments under Reconstruction reform
education?
They created public school systems for both

races.

Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions Why was voting and
owning land so important to newly freed
African Americans?
Voting gave them a voice in government and

made them fully participating citizens;
owning land gave them economic
independence.

Analyzing Visuals
Picturing History Study the picture on page
512 of your textbook. Write a paragraph that
explains who the people are and why reading is
important to them.
Reading Bring newspapers to class and search for

stories that show groups of people struggling for their
rights throughout the world. After reading the articles
aloud in class, post the items on the bulletin board
with the heading Let Freedom Ring.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Democrats steadily regained control of Southern
governments as support for Radical Reconstruction
policies decreased.
Key Terms
reconciliation
commission
cash crop
poll tax
literacy test
grandfather clause
segregation
lynching


Reading Strategy
Comparing As you read the section, re-create the
diagram on page 513 of your textbook and list the
advantages and disadvantages of an agricultural
economy.
Read to Learn
what changes occurred in the South during the last
years of Reconstruction.
how African Americans were denied their rights.


Section Theme
Continuity and Change The Democratic Party began
to regain control of Southern politics.
Struggle for the Speakers

chair in a Southern
statehouse, 1875
Reconstruction Declines
As Southern Democrats began to regain
political and economic control in the South,
support for Radical Reconstruction policies
decreased.
Many Northerners also began believing in the
end of Reconstruction.
They thought it was holding back Southern
economic expansion.
(pages 513515)
Reconstruction Declines (cont.)

Grant was reelected in the 1872 presidential
election despite division in the Republican
Party.
Reports of corruption in Grants
administration and in Reconstruction
programs caused a group of Republicans to
form the Liberal Republicans.
They nominated Horace Greeley.
Although Greeley also had the support of
many Democrats, Grant won.
(pages 513515)

Congress passed the Amnesty Act in May 1872
that pardoned most former Confederates.
This caused the political balance in the South
to change and allowed Democrats to regain
power.
During the 1872 election, Liberal Republicans
called for expanded amnesty for white
Southerners.
(pages 513515)

Democrats regained control of state
governments in Virginia and North Carolina.
The Ku Klux Klan and other violent groups
terrorized Republican voters, thus helping
Democrats take power.
The Democrats used threats to pressure white
Republicans to become Democrats.
They also used violence to persuade African
Americans not to vote.
By 1876 Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana
were the only Southern states
(pages 513515)
to remain Republican.

Scandals and corruption charges weakened the
Republican Party.
The nation was also in an economic depression.
Blame fell on the
Republicans.
In the 1874 congressional elections, the
Democrats won control of a part of the federal
government.
They gained Senate seats and won control of the
House.
This weakened Congresss commitment to
Reconstruction and to protecting the rights of
(pages 513515)
newly freed
African
Americans.
How did Southern Democrats win back control in the

South?
Support for Radical Reconstruction policies decreased.
The Amnesty Act in 1872 pardoned most former
Confederates so that nearly all white Southerners could
vote and hold office again. Violent groups such as the Ku
Klux Klan terrorized Republican and African American
voters. Democrats threatened white Republicans into
becoming Democrats and persuaded African Americans
not to vote. Scandals weakened the Republican Party. For
all these reasons, the Democrats were able to regain
control in the South.
(pages 513515)
The End of Reconstruction

The disputed election of 1876 confirmed the
Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes the
winner four months after the election.
Samuel Tilden, the Democrat, appeared the
winner, but disputed returns from Florida,
Louisiana, and South Carolina changed the
result.
A special commission was appointed to
resolve the election.
(pages 515517)
The End of Reconstruction (cont.)

It awarded all 20 disputed electoral votes to
Hayes, giving him the required majority for
victory.
Congress confirmed the commissions
findings, so Hayes became president although
he had fewer popular votes than Tilden did.
(pages 515517)

Congressional leaders made a deal to settle the
election.
This was the Compromise of 1877.
It said that the new government would give
more aid to the South and withdraw all
remaining troops while the Democrats
promised to maintain the rights of African
Americans.
(pages 515517)

Hayes sent a clear message in his Inaugural
Address that Reconstruction was over.
The federal government would no longer
attempt to reshape Southern society or help
African Americans.
(pages 515517)
What caused Reconstruction to end?

The effects of the Compromise of 1877
caused Reconstruction to end. The federal
government would no longer reshape
Southern society. Hayes stated that the South
needed to restore wise, honest, and peaceful
self-government.
(pages 515517)
Change in the South

By the 1880s the country saw the rise of the
New South.
Industry developed based on the regions
resources of cotton, tobacco, lumber, coal,
iron, and steel.
- The textile industry advanced.
- Instead of shipping cotton to the North and Europe,
the South built its own textile mills.
- The tobacco industry grew. James Dukes company,
Dukes American Tobacco Company, eventually
controlled almost all tobacco manufacturing in the
nation.
(pages 517518)
Change in the South (cont.)

- The iron and steel industry also grew.
- Alabama had deposits of iron ore.
- By 1890 Southern mills produced nearly 20 percent
of the nations iron and steel.
(pages 517518)

The following factors helped this growth:
- a cheap and reliable workforce of people who
worked long hours for low pay
- the railroad rebuilding of destroyed track caused a
railroad boom; between 1880 and 1890, the miles of
track doubled
(pages 517518)

A new ruling party, the Democrats, took over.
Many of these people were merchants,
bankers, industrialists, and other business
leaders who supported economic development
and opposed Northern interference.
They were conservatives.
They called themselves Redeemers because
they saved themselves from Republican rule.
(pages 517518)

Policies included lower taxes, less public
spending, and reduced government services.
Many social services that had started during
Reconstruction were cut or eliminated,
including public education.
(pages 517518)

The South still remained primarily a rural
economy even as it developed some industry.
It sank deeper into poverty and debt as time
went on.
- Some plantations, although not many, were broken
up.
- When divided, the land was used for
sharecropping and tenant farming, which were not
profitable.
(pages 517518)

- Reliance on sharecropping and cash crops, or
crops that could be sold for money, hampered the
development of a more modern agricultural
economy.
- An oversupply of the biggest cash crop, cotton,
forced prices down.
- With less money, farmers had to buy on credit and
pay high prices for their food
and supplies.
- Thus, their debt increased.
(pages 517518)
How did the South sink into debt?

The South was mainly a rural economy.
Sharecropping and tenant farming were not
profitable. The reliance on a single cash crop
was risky. If there was an oversupply of that
crop, the price dropped. Farmers had less
money to buy the food and supplies they
needed and were forced to buy on credit. This
increased their debt.
(pages 517518)
A Divided Society
Reconstruction was a success and a failure.
It helped the South recover and begin
rebuilding.
However, the South remained a rural
economy that was very poor.
African Americans did not have true freedom
because the South created a segregated
society, separating them from whites.
(pages 519520)
A Divided Society (cont.)

Southern states imposed voting restrictions
even though the Fifteenth Amendment
prohibited any state from denying the right to
vote because of race.
- Many states required people to pay a poll tax before
voting.
- Because many African Americans and poor whites
could not afford to pay the tax, they could not vote.
- Many states required prospective voters to also take

a literacy test.
- Because African Americans had little education, they
could not pass the test and therefore could not vote.
(pages 519520)

- Some states passed a grandfather clause to enable
some whites who may not have been able to pass
the test to be able to vote.
- The law said that if their fathers or grandfathers had
voted before Reconstruction, they were also allowed
to vote.
- African Americans were excluded because they did
not gain the right to vote until 1867.
(pages 519520)

The South became a segregated society.
Many states passed Jim Crow laws, which were
laws that required African Americans and whites
to be separated in almost every public place and
facility.
The facilities were separate but not equal.
Southern states spent more money on schools
and facilities for whites than for African
Americans.
This segregation lasted for more than 50 years.
(pages 519520)

Violence against African Americans increased.
Threats of violence and the voting laws caused

African American voting to drop.
Mob lynching, or killing African Americans
by hanging, increased.
If African Americans were suspected of
committing crimes or did not behave as whites
expected them to, they were lynched.
(pages 519520)
What caused the South to become a segregated

society?
Southern states adopted unconstitutional Jim Crow
laws that separated African American and white
public places and facilities. Those for African
Americans were inferior and not equal to those for
whites. These states also allowed more money to be
spent on white schools than on African American
schools. Voting restrictions such as the poll tax and
the literacy test kept African Americans from voting
and exercising their rights as free Americans.
(pages 519520)

left.
__
B 1. a group of persons directed
to perform some duty
A. lynching
__
D 2. a tax of a fixed amount per
person that had to be paid
before the person could vote
C. cash crop
__
A 3. putting to death a person by
the illegal action of a mob
B. commission
D. poll tax
E. literacy test
E 4. a method used to prevent African Americans from

__
voting by requiring prospective voters to read and
write at a specified level
C 5. farm crop raised to be sold for money
__

Reviewing Facts Why was the presidential
election of 1876 controversial?
The returns from three states were

disputed, which left the electoral count in
doubt months after the election. The
decision of a 15-member commission set
up to settle the dispute was considered
partisan.

Reviewing Themes
Continuity and Change In what industries did
the South make great gains after Reconstruction?
The South made great gains in the textile,

lumbering, tobacco processing, iron, and steel
industries.

Critical Thinking
Determining Cause and Effect Explain how
the Amnesty Act helped the Democratic Party
regain its strength.
It allowed nearly all white Southerners to

vote and hold office again; Southern
Democrats gradually began to regain control
of the state governments.

Analyzing Visuals
Study the election map on page 515 of your
textbook. Which candidate received the greater
number of popular votes? Who won the
election?
Tilden received the greater number of popular
votes, but Hayes won the election.

Government Research to find out how many African

Americans hold seats in Congress today. Make a list
of their names and states of residence. Be sure to
include members of both the House of Representatives
and the Senate.

left.
__
A 1. the granting of pardon to a
large number of persons;
protection from prosecution
for an illegal act
A. amnesty
__
C 2. a tax of a fixed amount per
person that had to be paid
before the person could vote
D. freedmen
__
D 3. persons freed from slavery
B. black codes
C. poll tax
E. impeach
F. segregation
__
B 4. laws passed in the South just after the Civil War aimed
at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners
to exploit African American workers


left.
__
F 5. the separation or isolation
of a race, class, or group
A. amnesty
__
E 6. to formally charge a public
official with misconduct in
office
C. poll tax
B. black codes
D. freedmen
E. impeach
F. segregation

Reviewing Key Facts

Who succeeded Lincoln as president?
Andrew Johnson succeeded Lincoln as

president.

Reviewing Key Facts

How was the Fourteenth Amendment supposed to
help African Americans?
It granted full citizenship to all individuals born

in the United States and prohibited states from
denying citizens constitutional privileges
without due process of law.

Reviewing Key Facts

What verdict did the Senate reach in the trial of
President Johnson?
It did not have the votes to convict him and

remove him from office. He was found not
guilty.

Reviewing Key Facts

What right does the Fifteenth Amendment
protect?
It protected the right to vote for African

Americans.

Reviewing Key Facts

What tactic did the Ku Klux Klan use to
influence elections in the South?
It terrorized African Americans and other

Republican voters to keep them from casting
their votes.

Critical Thinking
Analyzing Themes: Civic Rights and
Responsibilities How did the black codes deny
rights?
They restricted the rights of freedmen and

allowed plantation owners to continue to exploit
African American laborers.

Critical Thinking
Analyzing Themes: Economic Factors Why
did growing cotton after the Civil War send many
Southern farmers into debt?
Farmers bought food and supplies on credit.

Farmers grew more cotton as a cash crop, which
forced prices down and plunged farmers deeper
into debt.

Geography and History Activity

Study the map below and answer the questions on the following
slides.

Location
Electoral votes are
based on
population. What
were the six most
populous states in
1876?
New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois,
Missouri, and Indiana were the most
populous states.


Region Which
political party
gained the most
votes in the
western states?
The Republican
Party gained the
most votes in the
western states.


Place How many
electoral votes
were in dispute?
There were 20
electoral votes in
dispute.

Standardized Test Practice

Directions: Read the passage below. It is an excerpt from the
Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Then answer the question
that follows.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account
of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
Standardized Test Practice

Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.
The main idea of Fifteen Amendment is that
A
enslaved people convicted of crimes had the right to a

fair trial.
slavery was made illegal in every state of the Union.
the government was not allowed to deny a persons

right to vote on the basis of race.
Congress had the right to set voting restrictions in whatever

state it chose.
Test-Taking Tip This question asks for the main idea of the
passagein this case, of the Fifteenth Amendment. Read through all
the answer choices before choosing the best one. Make sure you
look for information in the passage to support your answer.
Which president mentioned in this chapter served

as an indentured servant to a tailor?
Andrew Johnson served as an indentured servant

to a tailor.

Explore online information about the topics introduced

in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your
browser and go to The American Republic to
1877 Web site. At this site, you will find
interactive activities, current events
information, and Web sites correlated with the
chapters and units in the textbook. When you
finish exploring, exit the browser program to
return to this presentation. If you experience
difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually
launch your Web browser and go to
http://tarvol1.glencoe.com
Rutherford B. Hayes
Southern Production
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Republicans held a private swearing in for Hayes on

the evening before the official inauguration
ceremony.
Today, the South still leads the nation in the production of

cotton and tobacco. But the Southern region also leads the
United States in the production of foods such as chickens,
hogs, turkeys, shrimp, peanuts, pecans, sweet potatoes,
and peaches.
Horace Greeley
Mississippi
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Horace Greeley Greeley was a prominent nineteenthcentury writer and newspaper editor whose editorials
against the spread of slavery into the Western territories
before the war helped shape antislavery public opinion in
the North. Greeley is known as the founder of The New
Yorker magazine and as the person who popularized the
expression, Go west, young man. He died one month
after the 1872 election, in which he unsuccessfully
challenged Ulysses S. Grants bid for a second term as
president.
Mississippi Although the official returns for the 1876

election were disputed in just three states, there were
voting irregularities in other states as well, such as
Mississippi. Mississippis electoral votes went to the
Democratic candidate, Tilden. But there is evidence that
Republican voters, many who were African American,
were threatened and assaulted as they tried to vote.
Because a majority of the people in Mississippi were
African Americans and Republicans, the suppression of
the African American vote could have changed the results
of the election in that state.
Jim Crow Jim Crow comes from the song Jim Crow
by Thomas D. Rice popularized in the mid-1830s. The
song portrayed African Americans as happy-go-lucky,
childlike people who wanted nothing more from life than
something good to eat and a chance to sing and dance.
Identifying the
Main Idea
Why Learn This Skill?
Historical details, such as names, dates, and events, are
easier to remember when they are connected to a main
idea. Understanding the main idea allows you to grasp the
whole picture or story.
This feature can be found on page 521 of your textbook.

Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.
Identifying the
Main Idea
Learning the Skill
Follow these steps to identify a main idea:
Before you read the material, find out the setting of the article
or document: the time, the place, and who the writer is.
Read the material and ask, What is the purpose of this
information?
Identify supporting details.
Identify the main idea or central issue.
This feature can be found on page 521 of your textbook. Click the
mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Identifying the
Main Idea
Practicing the Skill
In the passage below, W.E.B. Du Bois, an African American
scholar, describes the attitudes of people in Charleston, South
Carolina, just after the Civil War. Read the passage and answer
the questions that follow.
The economic loss which came through war was great, but not nearly as
influential as the psychological change, the change in habit and thought.
The hatred of the Yankees was increased. The defeated Southern leaders were
popular heroes. Numbers of Southerners planned to leave the country and go
to South America or Mexico.
The labor situation, the prospect of free Negroes, caused great apprehension. It
was accepted as absolutely true by most planters that the Negro could not
work without a white master.
This feature can be found on page 521 of your textbook.
Identifying the
Main Idea
1. Du Bois begins by naming two kinds of losses from the war.
What are they? Which does he say was greater?
The two loses were economic and psychological, and
psychological was greater.
2. What is the main idea of the passage?
The main idea is that psychological changes had the greatest
impact on the South after the Civil War.
mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Identifying the
Main Idea
3. What details support the main idea?
The hatred of Yankees increased, defeated Southern leaders
were heroes, many Southerners planned to leave the country,
and the African American labor situation caused
apprehension.
4. Does the painting on page 521 of your textbook support or
negate Du Boiss main idea?
Possible answer: The painting supports Du Boiss opinion
that freed people were apprehensive after the Civil War.
mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Life After the War

Objectives
After viewing Life After the War, you should:
Understand that baseball was a popular American pastime
during and after the Civil War.
Recognize that after the war,
people sometimes put their
prejudices aside when they
played baseballbut that it was
only a limited refuge from
institutional racism.
Know the difficulties the country
faced as it recovered from the Civil War.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window
above to view a preview of The American Republic to 1877 video.
Life After the War

Discussion Question
Where could baseball games be seen during the
Civil War?
Soldiers played baseball games in camps.

Life After the War

Discussion Question
How did ballplayers act toward one another and
the umpire?
The players were gentlemen. There were no
fights and no arguments. If the umpire called
them out, they did not complain.



They became sharecroppers

because they could not buy land or pay
rent in cash.

End of Custom Shows

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The American Republic To 1877

Developed by FSCreations, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio 45202

Section 3 The South During

Change in the South

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The Impact Today

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

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Reconstruction Debate (cont.)

Reconstruction Debate (cont.)

Reconstruction Debate (cont.)

Reconstruction Debate (cont.)

Reconstruction Debate (cont.)

Reconstruction Debate (cont.)

Reconstruction Debate (cont.)

Why were several Reconstruction plans proposed for

Lincoln Assassinated! (cont.)

Lincoln Assassinated! (cont.)

Lincoln Assassinated! (cont.)

By the end of 1865, Johnson declared

Lincoln Assassinated! (cont.)

Johnson believed in giving the states control over

Checking for Understanding

Checking for Understanding

The Thirteenth Amendment provided freedom

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The people in the painting look sad, dejected,

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Math Use the Statistical Abstract of the United

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

Ku Klux Klan flag

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African Americans Rights

African Americans Rights (cont.)

Congress challenged the black codes.

African Americans Rights (cont.)

African Americans Rights (cont.)

African Americans Rights (cont.)

African Americans Rights (cont.)

African Americans Rights (cont.)

African Americans Rights (cont.)

Why did the Radical Republicans think Johnsons

Radical Reconstruction (cont.)

Radical Reconstruction (cont.)

Radical Reconstruction (cont.)

Radical Reconstruction (cont.)

Radical Reconstruction (cont.)

Radical Reconstruction (cont.)

Radical Reconstruction (cont.)