Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Purpose:
To establish the minimum safetyrelated
technical
requirements
for
temporary elevated work areas, ladders,
and scaffolds.
I. SCAFFOLD TERMINOLOGY
TOP RAIL
MID RAIL
DROP BAR
0.95m 1.15 m
FALSE UPRIGHT
(38-45)
36 min.
SCAFFOLD PLANKS
BEARER (TRANSOM)
LONGITUDINAL
BRACING
LADDER CLAMP
TOEBOARD
STANDARD
SWIVEL COUPLER
FIXED COUPLER (90)
RUNNER (LEDGER)
TRANSVERSE BRACING
BASE LIFT
(KICKER LIFT)
BASE PLATE
SILL (SOLE BOARD)
3
I. SCAFFOLD TERMINOLOGY
BIOARD BEARER
(INTERMEDIATE
TRANSOM)
BAY LENGTH
RUNNERS
(LEDGERS)
BEARERS
(TRANSOMS)
RUNNERS &
BEARERS
INSTALLED
INSIDE POSTS
TYP.
POST
(STANDARD)
BASE PLATES
SILLS (SOLE
BOARDS)
BASE LIFT
(KICKER LIFT)
I. SCAFFOLD TERMINOLOGY
BEARERS
(TRANSOMS)
RUNNERS
(LEDGERS)
BAY LENGTH
BAY
SCAFFOLD
WIDTH
LIFT
HEIGHT
POST
(STANDARD)
BASE LIFT
(Foot Tie or Kicker Lift)
5
Each person who could fall more than 1.8 m. (6 ft.) shall be protected
from falling by means of guardrail systems or personal fall arrest
systems.
GUARDRAIL SYSTEMS
self closing
drop bar
false
upright
(puncheon)
toprails
midrails
toeboards
TEMPORARY STAIRWAYS
PARTS OF STAIRWAY
LANDING
REQUIREMENTS
RISER
At least 560 mm. (22) wide & 760 mm. (30) long.
Shall have landing not more than every 3.7 m. (12) of vertical
distance.
TREAD
STAIR SLOPE
Between 30 to 35 degrees
HANDRAIL
TEMPORARY RAMPS
Shall not be inclined more than a ratio of 1 : 3 or 20 above the horizontal although a
slope not over 15 is preferred.
If steeper than ratio 1 : 4 the ramp shall have cleats no more than 350 mm (14) apart.
HIGH WINDS
Personnel shall not be on any scaffold or other temporary elevated work area during
storms or high winds sustained winds more than 65 kph (40 mph).
LADDERS
A slope of 4:1, side rails rigidly attached to supporting structure (top, middle, bottom).
Rungs uniformly spaced between 250 mm (10) and 360 mm (14) although 300 mm
(12 inches) is preferred.
Shall have a minimum clear distance of 760 mm (30) to the nearest protruding object on
the climbing side. This distance maybe reduced to 610 mm (24 inches) if deflector plates
are provided.
Distance on the climbing side to the nearest object on the back side of the ladder shall be
no less than 250 mm (10 inches). When unavoidable a minimum vertical toe clearance
of 100 mm. (4) shall apply.
9
GENERAL
Scaffold components manufactured by different manufacturers should not be
intermixed unless the components are compatible and the scaffolds structural integrity
is maintained.
All defective scaffold component s shall be marked with bright fluorescent orange paint
and immediately removed from Saudi Aramco property or project site.
Nominal Wall
Thickness
290 N/mm
42 ksi
30 Kg/mm
3.40 mm
3.76 mm
ASTM A53
240 N/mm
35 ksi
24 Kg/mm
3.68 mm
BS 1139
Part 1,
Sec. 1.1
235 N/mm
34 ksi
24 Kg/mm
4.00 mm
320 N/mm
46 ksi
32 Kg/mm
3.20 mm
Type
ASTM A500
EN 10129
10
Type of load
Min. EN 74
class
SWL
(Min.)
6.25 KN
1,400 lbs.
Adjustable coupler,
(Swivel)
5.3 KN
1,190 lbs.
Tension
3.0 KN
6.75 lbs.
Bending
0.59 KN-m
435 lbs-ft.
0.53 KN
120 lbs.
30 KN
6,740 lbs.
(per pair)
End-end coupler
(Sleeve)
Bearer coupler
(Putlog / Single)
Girder coupler
(Drop forged)
Shear
11
PLATFORM UNITS
Wood Plank
Dimensions
Solid Sawn
Wood
Certified / Approved
by
38x25mm or
50x225 mm
(basic)
Laminated
Veneer
Lumber
38mm (1-1/2)
by 225mm (9)
wide or larger
Requirements
Shall be certified and bear a
grade stamp
Free from defects
Splits 25mm (1) max. w/o banding
300mm (1)max. w/ banding
Twist 13mm (1/2) max. end to end
12
The maximum deflection for platform units shall not exceed 1/60th of the
span length when supporting any of the unfactored concentrated or
uniformly distributed concentrated loads.
13
FOUNDATIONS
Foundations shall be sound, rigid, and capable of carrying the scaffold
self-weight plus the maximum intended load without settling or
displacement.
Scaffolds shall not be hung from or supported by guardrails or handrails.
Components
Timber Sills
(sole boards)
Steel Base
Plates
Screw Jacks
Requirements
At least 225 mm. (9) wide by 38 mm.
(1-1/2) thick
Shall extend under at least two posts
(standard), if not applicable sills under
individual posts shall be at least 765
mm. (30) long
At least 150 x 150mm. & 6mm. thick
(6 x 6 inches & 1/4 inch thick)
For special scaffolds base shall be
designed
Shall not be adjusted to more than twothirds (2/3) of the total length of the
threaded section
14
STABILITY
Scaffold posts and frames shall be vertically plumb and vertically braced
in both directions.
Supported scaffolds with a height to the uppermost planked level that is
over four times the minimum base dimension (over a 4:1height-towidth ratio) shall be restrained from tipping by ties, guys, outrigger
frames, or equivalent means.
Ties and guys shall be installed as follows:
15
STABILITY
Ties and guys shall be installed as follows:
STABILITY
CROSS TUBE
17
18
20
CLEARANCES
Scaffold operations adjacent to overhead power lines are prohibited
unless one of the following conditions are satisfied:
o The power line has been de-energized, relocated, or protective
coverings installed to prevent accidental contact with the lines. It
should be lockout/tagut.
o Satisfies clearance between scaffold and power lines.
CLEARANCES BETWEEN SCAFFOLDS AND POWER LINES:
Insulated
Minimum Distance
Uninsulated
1 meter (3 feet)
- - - - -
Alternative: 2x the length of the line insulator but never less than 3 meter (10 feet).
22
PLANKING
(BOARDS)
TOEBOARD
CLIPS
RUNNER
(LEDGER)
BEARER
(TRANSOM)
RIGHT-ANGLE
(DOUBLE) COUPLER
POST
(STANDARD)
ADJUSTABLE
(SWIVEL) COUPLER
TRANSVERSE
CROSS (X)
BRACING
SILL
LONGITUDINAL
(FAADE) BRACING
150 mm.
(6) Min.
150 mm.
(6) Min.
23
HORIZONTAL MEMBERS
No lift height shall exceed 2m.
24
HORIZONTAL MEMBERS
Bearers (transoms) and board bearers (intermediate transom) shall be
installed on top of and not underneath supporting runners.
25
HORIZONTAL MEMBERS
26
HORIZONTAL MEMBERS
Bridging of scaffolds
27
HORIZONTAL MEMBERS
Bridging of scaffolds
28
Bracing
29
Bracing
Brace ends may be joined together with end-to-end (sleeve) couplers.
Alternatively, for braces subject to large tension loads, shall be
overlapped & joined with at least two adjustable (swivel) couplers,
30
System Scaffolds
31
System Scaffolds
Unless otherwise specified in manufactures instruction, all system
scaffold shall be vertically braced in both directions with diagonal braces
(as close to 45 as possible) to its full height for each 10 m. (33)
of run.
Components from different scaffold manufacturers shall not be
intermixed (except when needed in bracing).
Where specially designed system bracing cannot be used, tube & coupler
scaffold components may be used for bracing of system scaffolds.
Connections shall be tightened with a single hammer blow to the wedge
or cup to provide high degree of rigidity.
Shall be connected by means of one of the following fastening methods:
o
o
o
Scaffolding
Factory
32
System Scaffolds
The
locking-pin
type
of
system
scaffold shall not
be used.
33
System Scaffolds
Unless otherwise justified and stated in writing by the system scaffold
manufacturer, the maximum number of working levels and total planked
levels shall be as follows:
LIGHT DUTY
Maximum Number
of Working Levels
Maximum Scaffold
Height
38 m. (125 ft.)
38 m. (125 ft.)
28 m. (91 ft.)
MEDIUM DUTY
Maximum Number
of
Working Levels
Maximum Scaffold
Height
38 m. (125 ft.)
24 m. (78 ft.)
34
PLANKING
(BOARDS)
TOEBOARD
CLIPS
RUNNER
(LEDGER)
BEARER
(TRANSOM)
RIGHT-ANGLE (DOUBLE)
COUPLER
POST
(STANDARD)
ADJUSTABLE (SWIVEL)
COUPLER
TRANSVERSE
CROSS (X)
BRACING
SILL
LONGITUDINAL
(FAADE) BRACING
150 mm.
(6) Min.
150 mm.
(6) Min.
35
POSTS
Joint pins or, preferably, end-to-end (sleeve) couplers shall be used for
joints in post (standards). However, joint pins are only designed for
compression load. End-to-end couplers shall be used where tension
(uplift) can be present in a posts (standard) or other scaffold tube.
Joints in posts (standards) shall be staggered. Joints in adjacent posts
shall not occur in the same lift height.
36
37
38
40
41
VERTICAL BRACING
( Transverse Zigzag Bracing)
For wide scaffolds, this
transverse zigzag bracing
shall be shall be repeated
across the width of the
scaffold such that no more
than 3 adjacent bays are
open without transverse
bracing.
This
set
of
transverse zig-zag braces
shall be installed at both
scaffold ends and repeated
along the length of the
scaffold at least every
third
line
of
posts
(standards).
42
43
VERTICAL BRACING
(Transverse X Bracing)
Transverse (sectional) X
bracing: the first two diagonal
braces are installed forming an
X shape. Thus, the first brace is
installed from the base of the
first post (standard) diagonally
upward to the first lift at the post
(standard) required for the base
to be between 35 and 55
degrees (may be across two
bays in one lift height). The
second brace is installed from the
base of the same post (standard)
diagonally upward to the first
post (standard). This X bracing
should be repeated up to the
height of the scaffold at least
every third lift (two adjacent
open lift heights permitted.
44
45
46
VERTICAL BRACING
(Longitudinal Facade Bracing)
Longitudinal (faade) bracing
for a scaffold whose length is
less than its height: The first
diagonal brace shall be installed
from the base of the first end post
(standard) upward, at between 35
and 55 degrees, along the entire
length of the scaffold to the last
end post. Additional diagonal
braces shall then be installed, at
between 35 and 55 degrees, in
alternating directions (zigzag)
across the entire scaffold length
until reaching the top of the
scaffold. This longitudinal (faade)
bracing shall be installed in
opposite directions, along the
front (inner) and rear (outer) lines
of posts (standards).
47
49
Number of 225mm
(9) wide planks
per bay width
Transverse post
Spacing
(Bearer/Transom
Span)
Longitudinal Post
Spacing
(Runner/Ledger
Span)
Option
1 OPTION 1
Option
2
50
OPTION 2
51
Emboss
ed
Tubing
Number of 225mm
(9) wide planks
per bay width
Transverse post
Spacing
(Bearer/Transom
Span)
Longitudinal Post
Spacing
(Runner/Ledger
Span)
Option
1
OPTION
1
Option
2
52
OPTION 2
53
38 m. (125 ft.)
38 m. (125 ft.)
55
OPTION 1
56
OPTION 2
57
Maximum Scaffold
Height
1
7
38 m. (125 ft.)
Light-duty tube & coupler scaffolds requiring more than the above working
2
2
24 m. (78 ft.)
or planked levels, or over the maximum heights shown in the table, shall
be classified as a Special Scaffold and shall be properly designed and
reviewed per G.I. 8.001. Preferably, a properly designed system scaffold
should be used instead of tube & coupler construction for scaffolds over
38 m. (125 ft.) tall
58
59
LOADING
Light-duty
Light-duty
MAX. POST
SPACING IN
BOTH DIRECTION
(only 4 post)
2 m. (6.5ft)
1.7 m. (5.5ft)
STEEL TUBING
MANUFACTURE
D & EMBOSED
AS PER
SPECIFICATION
S
ADDL REQUIREMENT /
CONDITION
Yes
No
Uppermost work
platform height shall
not exceed 4 times the 60
61
Mobile
scaffolds
rated
for
Medium-duty shall have heavyduty steel casters not less than
170 mm. (7) in diameter.
All casters shall be fitted with a
positive wheel lock (which
cannot be accidentally released)
to prevent movement while the
mobile scaffold is being used.
Casters shall be securely fixed to
the base of scaffold posts or
screwjacks by locking pins.
62
63
shall
be
erected
per
64
X. BRACKET SCAFFOLDS
65
X. BRACKET SCAFFOLDS
66
X. BRACKET SCAFFOLDS
67
69
70
DONT SADDLE A
DEAD HORSE
72
74
75
Safety Tips
Competent or trained scaffolder only can erect
or dismantle scaffold
A
trained
or
competent
scaffolding
supervisor/foreman must over-see the erection
or dismantling
1 week-signing interval (maximum), tags to be
revalidated as needs arise
Over 20 ft. high, Must have engineering
design
Dancing Scaffold, Must have engineering
design
Yellow tag will be used rarely. Full body
harness required for scaffolds yellow tagged.
76
Safety Tips
Couplers
Riveted type prohibited
BS 1139, EN74 acceptable
77
4m
Stile feet resting
on a firm and level
surface
1m
Ladder set at a
4 to 1 ratio
79
Do not use
ladder with
broken or
damage rungs
Do not lash
ladders together
to extend the
reach
Use the proper
extension ladders
80
81